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HomeTang Poetry and Chinese Calligraphy沙曼翁 隶书:朱庆余《近试上张水部》

沙曼翁 隶书:朱庆余《近试上张水部》

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沙曼翁 隶书:朱庆余《近试上张水部》


【释文】洞房昨夜停红烛,待晓堂前拜舅姑。妆罢低声问夫婿,画眉深浅入时无?

【款识】曼翁书唐人诗。

【注释】舅姑:公婆。

【简析】

  以夫妻或男女爱情关系比拟君臣以及朋友、师生等其他社会关系,乃是我国古典诗歌中从《楚辞》就开始出现并在其后得到发展的一种传统表现手法。此诗也是用这种手法写的。

  这首诗又题为《近试上张水部》。这另一个标题可以帮助读者明白诗的作意,唐代应进士科举的士子有向名人行卷的风气,以希求其称扬和介绍于主持考试的礼部侍郎。朱庆馀此诗投赠的对象,是官水部郎中的张籍。张籍当时以擅长文学而又乐于提拔后进与韩愈齐名。朱庆馀平日向他行卷,已经得到他的赏识,临到要考试了,还怕自己的作品不一定符合主考的要求,因此以新妇自比,以新郎比张,以公婆比主考,写下了这首诗,征求张籍的意见。

  古代风俗,头一天晚上结婚,第二天清早新妇才拜见公婆。此诗描写的重点,乃是她去拜见之前的心理状态。首句写成婚。洞房,这里指新房。停,安置。停红烛,即让红烛点着,通夜不灭。次句写拜见。由于拜见是一件大事,所以她一绝早就起了床,在红烛光照中妆扮,等待天亮,好去堂前行礼。这时,她心里不免有点嘀咕,自己的打扮是不是很时髦呢?也就是,能不能讨公婆的喜欢呢?因此,后半便接写她基于这种心情而产生的言行。在用心梳好妆,画好眉之后,还是觉得没有把握,只好问一问身边丈夫的意见了。由于是新娘子,当然带点羞涩,而且,这种想法也不好大声说出,让旁人听到,于是这低声一问,便成为极其合情合理的了。这种写法真是精雕细琢,刻画入微。

  仅仅作为“闺意”,这首诗已经是非常完整、优美动人的了,然而作者的本意,在于表达自己作为一名应试举子,在面临关系到自己政治前途的一场考试时所特有的不安和期待。应进士科举,对于当时的知识分子来说,乃是和女孩儿出嫁一样的终身大事。如果考取了,就有非常广阔的前途,反之,就可能蹭蹬一辈子。这也正如一个女子嫁到人家,如果得到丈夫和公婆的喜爱,她的地位就稳定了,处境就顺当了,否则,日子就很不好过。诗人的比拟来源于现实的社会生活,在当时的历史条件之下,很有典型性。即使今天看来,我们也不能不对他这种一箭双雕的技巧感到惊叹。

  朱庆馀呈献的这首诗获得了张籍明确的回答。在《酬朱庆馀》中,他写道:

  “越女新妆出镜心,自知明艳更沉吟。

  齐纨未足时人贵,一典菱歌敌万金。”

  由于朱的赠诗用比体写成,所以张的答诗也是如此。在这首诗中,他将朱庆馀比作一位采菱姑娘,相貌既美,歌喉又好,因此,必然受到人们的赞赏,暗示他不必为这次考试担心。

  首句写这位姑娘的身分和容貌。她是越州的一位采菱姑娘。这时,她刚刚打扮好,出现在镜湖的湖心,边采菱边唱着歌。次句写她的心情。她当然知道自己长得美艳,光彩照人。但因为爱好的心情过分了,却又沉吟起来。(沉吟,本是沉思吟味之意,引申为暗自忖度、思谋。)朱庆馀是越州(今浙江省绍兴市)人,越州多出美女,镜湖则是其地的名胜。所以张籍将他比为越女,而且出现于镜心。这两句是回答朱诗中的后两句,“新妆”与“画眉”相对,“更沉吟”与“入时无”相对。后半进一步肯定她的才艺出众,说:虽然有许多其他姑娘,身上穿的是齐地(今山东省)出产的贵重丝绸制成的衣服,可是那并不值得人们的看重,反之,这位采菱姑娘的一串珠喉,才真抵得上一万金哩。这是进一步打消朱庆馀“入时无”的顾虑,所以特别以“时人”与之相对。朱的赠诗写得好,张也答得妙,可谓珠联璧合,千年来传为诗坛佳话。

【Simple Translation】

  The analogy of the love relationship between husband and wife or man and woman to that between ruler and subject, as well as other social relationships such as friends, teachers and students, is a traditional expressive technique that began to appear in our classical poetry from the “Chu Shu” and has been developed since then. This poem is also written in this way.

  This poem is also titled “Nearly Trying on Zhang Shuibei”. This other title can help the reader understand the meaning of the poem. In the Tang Dynasty, it was customary for scholars taking the entrance examination to present a scroll to a famous person in order to seek his praise and introduction to the Minister of Rites who administered the examination. The target of Zhu Qingyu’s poem was Zhang Ji, who was a minister in the Ministry of Water. At that time, Zhang Ji was famous for his expertise in literature and his willingness to promote his descendants, together with Han Yu. Zhu Qingyu, who had already won his appreciation by presenting papers to him, was afraid that his work might not meet the requirements of the examiner when he was about to take the exam.

  In ancient times, it was customary for the bride to get married on the first night and to meet her in-laws early the next morning. The focus of this poem is on her mental state before she goes to see them. The first line is about the marriage. The cave room refers to the new house. To stop, to place. The red candles are kept lit and remain lit throughout the night. The next sentence is about the visit. Since the visit is a big event, she got up early and got dressed in the light of the red candles, waiting for the dawn so that she could go to the front of the hall to perform the rituals. The first thing she did was to ask herself if her dress was very fashionable. In other words, will she be able to please her in-laws? Therefore, the second half of the story follows her words and actions based on this feeling. After putting on her makeup and eyebrows, she felt unsure, so she had to ask her husband for his opinion. As a bride, of course, she is a bit shy, and it is not good to say this idea out loud for others to hear, so this whispered question becomes extremely reasonable. This kind of writing style is really elaborate and detailed.

  The poem is already very complete and beautiful, but the author’s intention is to express his own anxiety and anticipation as a candidate for the examination, an examination that affects his political future. To the intellectuals of the time, the examination was a lifelong event, just like a girl’s marriage. If the examination is won, there is a very broad future, and vice versa, it may dawdle stirrup for life. This is also just like a woman married to a family, if her husband and in-laws love her, her status will be stable, the situation will be smooth, otherwise, the days will be very difficult. The poet’s analogy comes from the real social life, which was very typical under the historical conditions at that time. Even today, we cannot help but marvel at his skill of killing two birds with one stone.

  The poem submitted by Zhu Qingyu received a clear answer from Zhang Ji. In “Rewarding Zhu Qingyu,” he writes:

  ”The new make-up of the Yue girl appears in the mirror, and she knows that her beauty is more contemplative.

  A single poem is worth ten thousand gold.”

  Since Zhu’s gift poem is written in a comparative style, so is Zhang’s reply poem. In this poem, he compares Zhu Qingyue to a girl who is beautiful in appearance and has a good singing voice, so she is bound to be appreciated by people, implying that he need not worry about this examination.

  The first line describes the identity and appearance of the girl. She is a ling-collecting girl from Yuezhou. At this time, she was just dressed up and appeared in the center of Mirror Lake, singing while picking lozenges. The next line is about her mood. She certainly knows that she looks beautiful and radiant. But because of the excessive mood of love, she pondered again. (The word “pensive” originally means “contemplative”, which is derived from “secretly contemplating”.) Zhu Qingyu was a native of Yuezhou (present-day Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province), which is famous for its beautiful women and Mirror Lake. Therefore, Zhang Ji compares him to a woman from Yuezhou, and he appears in the heart of the mirror. These two lines are a reply to the last two lines of Zhu’s poem, “new makeup” as opposed to “painted eyebrows” and “more contemplative” as opposed to “no one at the time of entry “The second half further affirms her talent. The second half of the poem further affirms her outstanding talent, saying: Although there are many other girls, wearing expensive silk clothes made of Qiji (now Shandong Province), but that is not worth the people’s attention, on the contrary, this Cailing girl’s string of beads and throats, really worth 10,000 gold miles. This is to further dispel Zhu Qingyu’s concern of “entering the time without”, so especially to “people of the time” and its opposite. Zhu’s poem was well written, and Zhang’s answer was wonderful, so it was a perfect match, and has been passed down as a good story in the poetry world for a thousand years.

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