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第一句“空山不见人”，先正面描写空山的杳无人迹。王维特别喜欢用“空山”这个词语，但在不同的诗里，它所表现的境界却有区别。“空山新雨后，天气晚来秋”（《山居秋暝》），侧重于表现雨后秋山的空明洁净；“人闲桂花落，夜静春山空”（《鸟鸣涧》），侧重于表现夜间春山的宁静幽美；而“空山不见人”，则侧重于表现山的空寂清泠。由于杳无人迹，这并不真空的山在诗人的感觉中显得空廓虚无，宛如太古之境。“不见人”，把“空山”的意蕴具体化了。
如果只读第一句，读者可能会觉得它比较平常，但在“空山不见人”之后紧接“但闻人语响”，却境界顿出。“但闻”二字颇可玩味。通常情况下，寂静的空山尽管“不见人”，却非一片静默死寂。啾啾鸟语，唧唧虫鸣，瑟瑟风声，潺潺水响，相互交织，大自然的声音其实是非常丰富多彩的。然而此刻，这一切都杳无声息，只是偶尔传来一阵人语声，却看不到人影（由于山深林密）。这“人语响”，似乎是破“寂”的，实际上是以局部的、暂时的“响”反衬出全局的、长久的空寂。空谷传音，愈见空谷之空；空山人语，愈见空山之寂。人语响过，空山复归于万籁俱寂的境界；而且由于刚才那一阵人语响，这时的空寂感就更加突出。
三四句由上幅的描写空山中传语进而描写深林返照，由声而色，深林，本来就幽暗，林间树下的青苔，更突出了深林的不见阳光。寂静与幽暗，虽分别诉之于听觉与视觉，但它们在人们总的印象中，却常属于一类，因此幽与静往往连类而及。按照常情，写深林的幽暗，应该着力描绘它不见阳光，这两句却特意写返景射入深林，照映的青苔上。读者猛然一看，会觉得这一抹斜晖，给幽暗的深林带来一线光亮，给林间青苔带来一丝暖意，或者说给整个深林带来一点生意。但细加体味，就会感到，无论就作者的主观意图或作品的客观效果来看，都恰与此相反。一味的幽暗有时反倒使人不觉其幽暗，而当一抹余晖射入幽暗的深林，斑斑驳驳的树影照映在树下的青苔上时，那一小片光影和大片的无边的幽暗所构成的强烈对比，反而使深林的幽暗更加突出。特别是这“返景”，不仅微弱，而且短暂，一抹余晖转瞬逝去之后，接踵而来的便是漫长的幽暗。如果说，一二句是以有声反衬空寂；那么三四句便是以光亮反衬幽暗。整首诗就像是在绝大部分用冷色的画面上掺进了一点暖色，结果反而使冷色给人的印象更加突出。
静美和壮美，是大自然的千姿百态的美的两种类型，其间原本无轩轾之分。但静而近于空无，幽而略带冷寂，则多少表现了作者美学趣味中独特的一面。同样写到“空山”，同样侧重于表现静美，《山居秋暝》色调明朗，在幽静的基调上浮动着安恬的气息，蕴含着活泼的生机；《鸟鸣涧》虽极写春山的静谧，但整个意境并不幽冷空寂，素月的清辉、桂花的芬芳、山鸟的啼鸣，都带有春的气息和夜的安恬；而《鹿柴》则带有幽冷空寂的色彩，尽管还不至于幽森枯寂。
王维是诗人、画家兼音乐家。这首诗正体现出诗、画、乐的结合。无声的静寂、无光的幽暗，一般人都易于觉察；但有声的静寂，有光的幽暗，则较少为人所注意。诗人正是以他特有的画家、音乐家对色彩、声音的敏感，才把握住了空山人语响和深林入返照的一刹那间所显示的特有的幽静境界。但是这种敏感，又和他对大自然的细致观察、潜心默会分不开。▲
appreciation
The first sentence, “No one can be seen in the empty mountain”, first describes the empty mountain without human trace. Wang Wei especially likes to use the word “empty mountain”, but in different poems, the realm it represents is different. “After the new rain in the empty mountain, the weather comes late in autumn” (The Mountain Dwelles in Autumn Dusk), focusing on showing the clear sky of the autumn mountain after the rain; “When people are at leisure, the osmanthus flowers fall, and the spring mountain is quiet at night” (Birds Singing Stream), focusing on the quiet beauty of the spring mountain at night; While “no one can see in the empty mountain” focuses on the empty and clear mountain. As there is no trace of people, this non vacuum mountain seems empty and empty in the poet’s feeling, just like an ancient land. “No one can be seen” embodies the meaning of “empty mountain”.
If you read only the first sentence, the reader may feel that it is quite ordinary, but after “no one can be seen in the empty mountain”, “but you can hear people speak”, you will be in a state of mind. The word “Dan Wen” is worth pondering. Usually, the silent empty mountain is not silent even though it is “invisible”. The chirping of birds, the chirping of insects, the rustling of wind and the gurgling of water are intertwined. The sounds of nature are actually very colorful. However, at the moment, all this is silent, only occasionally there is a burst of voice, but no people can be seen (because the mountains are deep and forests are dense). This “human voice” seems to break the “silence”, but it actually reflects the overall and long-term empty silence with a local and temporary “noise”. The more you hear in the empty valley, the more you see the empty valley; People speak in the empty mountain, and the more you can see the silence of the empty mountain. When the words of people are heard, the empty mountain returns to the realm of peace; And because of the sound of the human voice just now, the sense of emptiness becomes more prominent.
Three or four sentences from the above picture describe the words in the empty mountain, and then describe the reflection in the deep forest. The deep forest is dark, and the moss under the trees in the forest highlights the lack of sunshine in the deep forest. Silence and gloom, though they refer to hearing and vision respectively, often belong to the same category in people’s general impression, so they are often combined. As usual, when writing about the gloom of the deep forest, we should focus on describing that it can’t see the sun. However, these two sentences specially write about returning to the scene and shooting into the deep forest to reflect the moss. Readers will suddenly feel that this slanting light brings a ray of light to the dark deep forest, a little warmth to the moss in the forest, or a little business to the whole deep forest. However, if you take a closer look, you will feel that the author’s subjective intention or the objective effect of the work are just the opposite. The constant gloom sometimes makes people not feel its gloom. When the afterglow shines into the dark deep forest, and the mottled shadow of the tree shines on the moss under the tree, the strong contrast between that small piece of light and that large piece of boundless gloom makes the gloom of the deep forest more prominent. In particular, this “return to the scene” is not only weak, but also short. After a flash of afterglow, a long gloom follows. If we say, one or two sentences contrast empty silence with sound; Then three or four sentences contrast the darkness with light. The whole poem seems to add a little warm color to most of the cold color pictures, which makes the cold color more prominent.
Quiet beauty and magnificent beauty are two types of beauty in various forms of nature, and there is no distinction between them. However, quiet and nearly empty, quiet and slightly cold, more or less shows the unique aspect of the author’s aesthetic interest. I also wrote about the “empty mountain”, which also focused on expressing the beauty of tranquility. “Mountain Dwelling at Autumn Evening” has bright colors, floating the peaceful atmosphere on the quiet tone, and contains lively vitality; Bird Singing Stream is very quiet in Spring Mountain, but the whole artistic conception is not cold and quiet. The pure light of the moon, the fragrance of osmanthus flowers, and the singing of mountain birds all have the flavor of spring and the peace of night; And “Deer firewood” has the color of quiet cold and empty, although it is not so quiet.
Wang Wei is a poet, painter and musician. This poem embodies the combination of poetry, painting and music. The silent silence, the dark dark without light, is easy for ordinary people to perceive; But the silence with sound and the gloom with light are less noticed. It is precisely because of his unique painters and musicians’ sensitivity to color and sound that the poet grasped the unique quiet realm displayed in the moment when the voice of the people in the empty mountain and the deep forest were reflected. However, this sensitivity is inseparable from his careful observation of nature and his deep silence. ▲
