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China’s education is an educational undertaking under the charge of the Ministry of education of the people’s Republic of China. Since 1986, nine-year compulsory education has been implemented. Education is divided into kindergarten, primary school, junior high school, senior high school and university. China has a large number of universities, and the number of college students is the first in the world.

 

Ancient education

China has always been a big country of education. People have always respected the concept of learning education from the ancient mainstream thought of “not learning without learning but not knowing the meaning”. The so-called “sincere and ancient saying”, the education that has been spread for millennia is as long as the ancients said, it should be long thought. Therefore, in contemporary China, the rise of science and education is not only the carrier of the essence of history, but also the rules for students to go ahead.

The earliest education age can be traced back to the primitive social period. At this time, people put more education ideas on labor, from making tools to hunting and planting fields, which were the core of education at that time. After the improvement of productivity, people shifted the focus of education to art and culture, and began to pursue the words and music.

During the period of slave social education from Xia Shang to spring and Autumn period, people began to study and record the human ethics. Until the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were six standards of educational investigation, which were rites, music, shooting, imperial, books and several arts. They were often selected according to the rules when recruiting social state talents.

Confucius is teaching his students

Later, it came to the feudal education period, which was respected by Confucius and Mencius. Confucius advocated “teaching without class and teaching according to his aptitude”, and opened a private style of study, which laid the foundation for the emergence of modern schools. At this time, people focused on cultivating the style of gentlemen, and was influenced by the culture of Confucius and Mencius to read the books of the sages and men in the military, and kept the previous deeds recorded in the book, and treated people with the style of benevolence after the cultivation of ethics and morality.

 

The portrait of Confucius

The Tang Dynasty is one of the most powerful dynasties in Chinese history, with unprecedented economic and cultural prosperity. The education system of Tang Dynasty inherited from Sui Dynasty, further improved and expanded the education system of Sui Dynasty, and promoted the education of China to a new historical stage and scale.The culture of Tang Dynasty had a great influence on the neighboring countries. For example, Japan sent students to the Tang Dynasty more than ten times to study the advanced system and culture. Even today, traces of Tang Dynasty culture can be seen everywhere in Japanese daily life.

Zhou Dunyi in Song Dynasty created Neo Confucianism, which added a comprehensive education model on the basis of Chinese poetry education. Zhu Xi paid attention to the gradual deepening and gradual reading rules, emphasized the three principles, five rules and the theory of righteousness, and created a new education cause in feudal society with many ideological educators.

Modern education in China began from the confluence of foreign culture. When the people and the new scientific thoughts were exchanged in the old age, the school education system was greatly improved. The multi-element and integrated educational thought contributed to the emergence of the first batch of Chinese students staying abroad in modern times. In the collision and acceptance of these educational ideas, the modernization of China also started, and was in line with education.

The rapid development of education still depends on the modern to the contemporary educational reform. The state has invested a lot of money in education, and pushed book knowledge to a new height by bringing science and technology into knowledge. After the completion of the education system, the introduction of a wider range of moral, audio-visual, health and technical disciplines is no longer restricted to the “back multiple points” model, which is a major innovation in the history of Chinese education.

 

Modern education

1949-1976: literacy campaign to basic education

In 1949, there were 550 million people in China, but there were only 205 colleges and universities in China, with an average gross enrollment rate of 0.26%. 440 million people had less than two years of education per capita, and the illiteracy rate was as high as 80%.

Schools in early China

In order to comprehensively improve the national cultural level, meet the needs of China’s industrial construction and accelerate the socialist transformation, the first national education work conference was held in 1949, and three large-scale literacy campaigns have been carried out since 1951.

In the process of literacy campaign, urban basic education has been paid more and more attention. In 1953, in order to make it convenient for people’s children to go to school, the Beijing Municipal People’s government actively prepared to build primary schools, so that 90% of the local children were given the opportunity to go to school and receive basic education.

 

Teaching experience exchange meeting

In 1956, at the national intellectual conference held in Beijing, Premier Zhou Enlai proposed that we should narrow the distance from the developed countries step by step, and the people of the whole country should march towards modern science and culture.

In 1964, with the support of the central government, simple primary schools were popularized in the rural areas of 14 provinces headed by Shandong and Hebei. The curriculum was simplified and concentrated, and the school-age children around the area could go to school nearby.

 

1977-2011: comprehensive development of basic education

In 1977, Deng Xiaoping’s speech on “respecting knowledge and talents” became an important guide to the first to solve the problem in the science and technology education front. “Our education has been 20 years behind the developed countries, and the key to China’s modernization is that we need knowledge and talent,” he said.

 

China Re recruits College Students

In September of the same year, the national college entrance examination meeting held in Beijing announced that the 10-year entrance examination for college entrance examination was officially resumed.

In 1978, 52 students, as the first group of public students, went to the United States to study. This initiative opened the curtain of the opening up of education in the new era.

In 1979, the CPC Central Committee approved and transmitted the report on the development of rural education, which pointed out that the key to modernization lies in the cultivation of technical talents, and the basis of which is education. Therefore, it is required that party and government officials at all levels should make sure that primary education is popularized.

In 1986, the state first set up three special education normal schools, and promulgated the compulsory education law of the people’s Republic of China, which guaranteed the right of children with age blindness, deaf mute and weak intelligence to receive compulsory education, and illuminated the way of seeking knowledge for special children.

Primary school classroom

In 1989, China officially started the “Hope Primary School Project”, with the help of people from all walks of life, helped to build hope primary school for poor and out of school children, and helped them return to school.

In 1993, the State Council issued the outline of China’s education reform and development, which clearly stated that the new goal of the struggle was to popularize the nine-year compulsory education and eliminate illiteracy in the young and the middle ages.

In 2000, the Ministry of Education issued the notice on the implementation of the “new century higher education teaching reform project”, which pointed out that the teaching reform practice should be carried out in a wider and deeper level, so that the existing teaching reform results should be more systematic and scientific.

In 2011, the Ministry of education and Finance jointly issued the implementation opinions of “undergraduate teaching project”, and chose to officially launch the “undergraduate teaching project” in accordance with the principle of “highlighting key points, reform and innovation, inheriting development and leading demonstration”.

 

2012-2019: promoting the development of educational informatization

In 2012, the Ministry of Education issued the ten-year development plan for educational informatization (2011-2020). It is clearly pointed out in the plan that it is necessary to widely publicize educational informatization through various channels and gradually promote the in-depth application of information technology in the field of education.

In 2016, the education research made the “13th Five-Year plan” of educational informatization, aiming at deepening the integration development of Internet plus education, expanding the coverage of high-quality educational resources, speeding up the exploration of digital education + personalized education mode, and realizing the expansion from service class learning to supporting ubiquitous learning in network.

Smart teaching classroom

In 2017, the State Council issued the new generation of AI development plan, which emphasized the development of artificial intelligence education, focusing on using big data to drive knowledge learning, and building a multi-environment, multi-dimensional and diversified adaptive learning environment with learners as the center.

In 2018, the Ministry of Education issued the 2 plan of action for education informatization, whose development goal is to build a platform for “Internet plus education”, and build an adaptive learning system integrating artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing.

 

Higher Education

China’s higher education includes higher vocational schools, College (2-3 years) and undergraduate (4 years). There is no degree for Higher Vocational and college graduates.

University Classroom

You can get a bachelor’s degree after graduation. After graduation, they can take part in the national postgraduate entrance examination for further study. Among them, the students can choose to take part in graduate school or Graduate School of each university. It takes 2.5 to 3 years to get a master’s degree and then a doctor’s degree. Generally, it takes three to four years to study for a doctorate. After a master’s degree, they continue to study for a doctor’s degree and generally do not need to take the examination again. However, some colleges and universities still set up an entrance examination for doctoral students.

In 2019, the total number of all kinds of higher education in China will reach 40.02 million, entering the stage of popularization. There are 2857 students in higher education per 100000 population. There are 2.864 million graduate students in China, including 424 000 doctoral students and 2.44 million master students. There are 30.315 million students in general colleges and 6.686 million students in adult colleges and universities.

In 2019, there will be 640000 graduate students nationwide, including 63000 doctoral students and 577000 master students. There are 7.585 million graduates of general colleges and universities in China.

In 2019, there will be 1.74 million full-time teachers in Colleges and universities, and the ratio of students to teachers in Colleges and universities will be 818.0:1. The composition of teachers’ degree levels continued to improve. In 2019, the proportion of graduate degree teachers in Colleges and universities will be 75.0%.

 

Education of overseas students

Since the founding of the people’s Republic of China and the acceptance of the first batch of overseas students, the education of overseas students in China has gone through the stages of starting, developing and growing. In this process, the government has been playing a very important role in formulating a large number of policies to promote the development of overseas education in China.

international students study in China

During the 13th Five Year Plan period, in accordance with the overall plan of comprehensively deepening education reform, efforts have been made to strengthen the institutional construction and institutional innovation in the field of education opening to the outside world, and to focus on improving the quality of studying in China. The Ministry of education has successively issued the administrative measures for recruiting and cultivating international students, the quality standard of higher education for international students in China (Trial Implementation) and the administrative measures for scholarship work of the Chinese government, which standardize the qualification conditions for universities to accept international students, continuously improve the quality standard and supervision system for international students in China, and continuously optimize the structure of international students in China.

As the economy continues to grow, China is expected to expand and deepen its global search for energy and other resources, and expand its investment, market and political influence. China is making great efforts to develop its soft power and establish an image of peace abroad by promoting exchanges in culture, education, sports and tourism. It has also become more active in global governance. In addition to playing a role in the existing international institutions, China has played a leading role in the establishment and expansion of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the establishment of the Asian infrastructure investment bank and the BRICs Development Bank. Meanwhile, one belt, one road initiative was put forward by the state to strengthen connectivity and cooperation in global development.

The education of overseas students in China has certain advantages and superior external environment, which are embodied in stable social environment, profound cultural heritage, beautiful natural scenery, rich incentive policies for studying abroad, unique regional characteristics and so on.

With the continuous enhancement of China’s comprehensive national strength, the number of international students in China is increasing. As one of the largest exporting countries in the world, the number of international students going abroad remained stable during the 13th Five Year Plan period. It is noteworthy that the “return rate” of foreign students is also very significant. In addition to going out, China has also attracted more high-quality students to China by virtue of its constantly improving school running strength and gradually optimizing school running structure.

In 2018, there were 307500 international students in China’s higher education, an increase of 32700 over the previous year; in 2019, there were 333100 international students in China’s higher education, an increase of 25600 over the previous year.(The number is the amount of international students on campus).

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