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唐朝安史之乱后，张继途经寒山寺时写下这首羁旅诗。此诗精确而细腻地描述了一个客船夜泊者对江南深秋夜景的观察和感受，勾画了月落乌啼、霜天寒夜、江枫渔火、孤舟客子等景象，有景有情有声有色。此外，这首诗也将作者羁旅之思，家国之忧，以及身处乱世尚无归宿的顾虑充分地表现出来，是写愁的代表作。全诗句句形象鲜明，可感可画，句与句之间逻辑关系又非常清晰合理，内容晓畅易解。
这首七绝以一“愁”字统起。前二句意象密集：落月、啼乌、满天霜、江枫、渔火、不眠人，造成一种意韵浓郁的审美情境。后两句意象疏宕：城、寺、船、钟声，是一种空灵旷远的意境。江畔秋夜渔火点点，羁旅客子卧闻静夜钟声。所有景物的挑选都独具慧眼：一静一动、一明一暗、江边岸上，景物的搭配与人物的心情达到了高度的默契与交融，共同形成了这个成为后世典范的艺术境界。
全诗抓住一个“愁”字展开。如果说“月落乌啼霜满天”多少透示着凄清悲凉，那么“江枫渔火”难道不给诗人一点光明与温暖吗？然而，“对愁眠”却凸现在人们面前。旅途的孤独、寂寞，牵起诗人的满怀愁绪，更遇上残月衔山、乌鸦悲啼，满目寒霜洒遍江天，一个迷茫、凄清、寂寥的背景已经形成，奠定了全诗以“愁”为中心的基调。人在逆境中（从诗的字里行间可以品味出来），最忌的是景物伤怀，诗人泊船于枫桥之下，本来心情就已凄恻，却偏逢残月。外出旅游者（也许作者不是旅游家）往往会对家人无限牵挂，可谓归心似箭，盼望与家人团圆，然而，他却客舟孤苦、愁怀难遣。残月也许已给诗人一丝莫名的预示，更兼乌鸦悲鸣的不祥之兆!（听到乌鸦啼叫，人们都会将其与不详联系）满天的飞霜又怎能不令诗人一阵阵心寒？
“江枫渔火对愁眠”。经霜后鲜红似火的枫叶与渔船上星星点点的灯火，在霜天夜晚呈现出一种朦胧美，给这幅秋江月夜图平添几分悦目赏心的风姿，绘景已达到美得无瑕的境界！然而，作者着力渲染秋江月夜的美景时，笔束一顿便绘出一个“愁”字来。作者为什么愁？有几多愁？景愈美则情（愁）愈烈。诗人面对美景，却没有半点的欢乐，愁得辗转反侧，这是为什么？我们回顾前文“月落”、“乌啼”、“霜满天”，俗话说天黑怕鬼，诗人心中的“鬼”是什么？是他的仕途得失、宦海沉浮？还是家事索怀、亲朋离散？诗中没说，不得而知。但诗人无心欣赏夜景、孤独难眠，我们不难想象他心中之愁。郁结难抒，确实不是言语说得清的。从他害怕乌啼，我们可以觉察他心中一定有什么事（或人）令他担心，以至乌鸦的啼叫声也令他心烦意乱。霜，是诗人描绘的这幅秋江月夜图的组成部分。玉屑般的飞霜给人一种素雅高洁的美感，然而和“乌啼”“愁眠”联系起来理解，这霜就有点“不妙”了。既然诗人听到乌啼已感意乱，那么飞霜岂不是令他心寒吗？意乱心烦自是他“愁眠”之因了。“姑苏城外寒山寺，夜半钟声到客船。”夜，静得可怕，静得令人难以入睡。
诗的前幅布景密度很大，十四个字写了六种景象，后幅却特别疏朗，两句诗只写了一件事：卧闻山寺夜钟。这是因为，诗人在枫桥夜泊中所得到的最鲜明深刻、最具诗意美的感觉印象，就是这寒山寺的夜半钟声。月落乌啼、霜天寒夜、江枫渔火、孤舟客子等景象，固然已从各方面显示出枫桥夜泊的特征，但还不足以尽传它的神韵。在暗夜中，人的听觉升居为对外界事物景象感受的首位。而静夜钟声，给予人的印象又特别强烈。这样，“夜半钟声”就不但衬托出了夜的静谧，而且揭示了夜的深永和清寥，而诗人卧听疏钟时的种种难以言传的感受也就尽在不言中了。
《枫桥夜泊》是一首情与景交织在一起的古诗，全诗除了“对愁眠”外，其余都是刻意绘景。它不是直抒胸臆，而是通过描绘秋江月夜的美景，间接而自然地把诗人旅途寂寞的郁结愁思寄托于景物而抒发出来。欲抒情，先绘景，情随景发，是这首古诗显著的艺术特点。由此可见，在借景抒情的古诗中，作者的情感是通过所描绘的景物来抒发的。在教学这类古诗时，我们既要欣赏作者描绘的景物，更重要的是理解他凭借景物巧妙抒情的技巧,这样才能真正地读懂了古诗。
appreciation
After the An Shi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Jitu wrote this poem when he passed the Hanshan Temple. This poem accurately and meticulously describes the observation and feeling of a night berther on the late autumn night scene in the south of the Yangtze River. It depicts such scenes as the moon setting and the crow crowing, frosty days and cold nights, maple fishing fires, and lonely boat passengers. In addition, this poem also fully shows the author’s thoughts on his travel, his worries about his family and country, as well as his worries about being in a troubled world without a home. It is a representative work of writing worries. The whole poem is vivid, perceptible and picturesque. The logical relationship between sentences is very clear and reasonable, and the content is clear and easy to understand.
This song starts with the word “sorrow”. The first two sentences are full of images: falling moon, crowing, frost all over the sky, maple, fishing fire and sleepless people, which create a rich aesthetic situation. The last two sentences are loosely composed: city, temple, ship, bell, which is a kind of ethereal and faraway artistic conception. There are fishing fires on the autumn night by the riverside, and the captive travelers lie to hear the bell ringing in the still night. The selection of all scenes is unique: a quiet and moving scene, a bright and dark scene, and on the river bank. The collocation of the scenes and the mood of the characters have reached a high degree of tacit understanding and integration, and together form this artistic realm that has become a model for future generations.
The whole poem starts with a word of “sorrow”. If “the moon goes down and the crow cries and the frost is all over the sky” is more or less a sign of sadness and desolation, then “the river maple fishing fire” will not give the poet a little light and warmth? However, “to worry about sleep” is highlighted in front of people. The loneliness and loneliness of the journey led to the poet’s full of sadness. In addition, the setting moon held the mountain, crows cried and frost spread all over the river. A confused, desolate and lonely background has been formed, which has laid the keynote of the poem with “sorrow” as the center. In the face of adversity (you can taste it from the lines of the poem), the most taboo is the scene sadness. The poet moored under the Maple Bridge, and was already sad, but met the waning moon. Travelers (perhaps the author is not a tourist) often care about their families endlessly. They are eager to return home and hope to reunite with their families. However, they are lonely and worried. The waning moon may have given the poet an inexplicable omen, but also the ominous omen of the crow’s wailing! (Hearing crows crowing, people will associate it with the unknown) How can the frost in the sky not make the poet feel cold?
“The fishing fire of Jiangfeng is sleeping with sorrow”. The bright red maple leaves after frost and the lights on the fishing boat show a hazy beauty on a frosty night, which adds a pleasant look to this picture of the autumn river moon night. The painting has reached an impeccable state! However, when the author tried to highlight the beauty of the moon night on the Qiujiang River, he drew a word of “sorrow” with his pen. Why does the author worry? How much worry? The more beautiful the scenery, the stronger the feeling (sorrow). Why did the poet toss and turn when facing the beautiful scenery without any joy? Looking back on the previous articles, such as “the setting of the moon”, “crowing” and “frost all over the sky”, it is said that ghosts are feared in the dark. What is the “ghost” in the poet’s mind? Is it his official career gains and losses, official sea ups and downs? Or family matters and separation of relatives and friends? It is not said in the poem. But the poet has no intention of enjoying the night scene, and is lonely and sleepless. It is not difficult for us to imagine the sorrow in his heart. Frustration is difficult to express, which is really not clear in words. From his fear of crow crowing, we can perceive that there must be something (or someone) in his heart that worries him, even the crow’s crowing makes him upset. Frost is an integral part of the moon night picture on the autumn river painted by the poet. The flying frost like jade filings gives people a simple, elegant and noble aesthetic feeling. However, it is a bit “bad” when it is related to “crowing” and “somnolence”. Since the poet is already confused when he hears the crow crowing, doesn’t the frost chill him? His confusion and annoyance were the cause of his “worry and sleep”. “Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou City, the bell rings at midnight to the passenger ship.” At night, it is so quiet that it is difficult to fall asleep.
The front part of the poem has a very dense scene, with six scenes written in 14 words, but the back part is particularly sparse. The two lines of the poem only write one thing: the night bell of Wowen Mountain Temple. This is because the poet gets the most vivid, profound and poetic impression in the Maple Bridge Night Mooring, which is the midnight bell of the Hanshan Temple. Moonlight and crowing, frost and cold nights, Jiangfeng fishing fires, lonely boat guests and other scenes, although they have shown the characteristics of night moorings in Maple Bridge in all aspects, they are not enough to convey its charm. In the dark night, people’s hearing is the first place to feel the outside world. The ringing of the silent night bell gives a particularly strong impression. In this way, the “bell ringing at midnight” not only sets off the tranquility of the night, but also reveals the depth, eternity and solitude of the night, and the poet’s unspeakable feelings when lying down to listen to the sparse bell are all in silence.
“Night Mooring at Maple Bridge” is an ancient poem interwoven with feelings and scenery. Except for “Sleeping with Sorrow”, the rest of the poem is deliberately painted with scenery. It does not express his mind directly, but expresses the poet’s lonely melancholy on the scenery indirectly and naturally by describing the beauty of the moon night on the autumn river. If you want to express your feelings, you should draw the scenery first, and the feelings should follow the scenery. This is the remarkable artistic feature of this ancient poem. It can be seen from this that in the ancient poems expressing feelings by means of scenery, the author expresses his feelings by describing the scenery. When teaching this kind of ancient poetry, we should not only appreciate the scenery described by the author, but also understand his skillful lyric skills with the scenery, so that we can truly understand the ancient poetry.
