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天宝以后，唐王朝对西北、西南少数民族的战争越来越频繁。这连年不断的大规模战争，不仅给边疆少数民族带来沉重灾难，也给广大中原地区人民带来同样的不幸。
据《资治通鉴》卷二百一十六载：“天宝十载四月，剑南节度使鲜于仲通讨南诏蛮，大败于泸南。时仲通将兵八万，……军大败，士卒死者六万人，仲通仅以身免。杨国忠掩其败状，仍叙其战功。……制大募两京及河南北兵以击南诏。人闻云南多瘴疠，未战，士卒死者什八九，莫肯应募。杨国忠遣御史分道捕人，连枷送诣军所。……于是行者愁怨，父母妻子送之，所在哭声振野。”这段历史记载，可当作这首诗的说明来读。而这首诗则艺术地再现了这一社会现实。
这是一首反对唐玄宗穷兵黩武的政治讽刺诗。全诗借征夫对老人的答话，倾诉了人民对战争的痛恨和它所带来的痛苦。地方官吏在这样的情况下还要横征暴敛，百姓更加痛苦不堪。这是诗人深切地了解民间疾苦和寄予深刻同情的名篇之一。
全诗以“道旁过者问行人”为界分为两段：首段摹写送别的惨状，是纪事；次段传达征夫的诉苦，是纪言。此诗具有深刻的思想内容，借征夫对老人的答话，倾诉了人民对战争的痛恨，揭露了唐玄宗长期以来的穷兵黩武，连年征战，给人民造成了巨大的灾难。全诗寓情于叙事之中，在叙述次序上参差错落前后呼应，变化开阖井然有序，并巧妙运用过渡句和习用词语，造成了回肠荡气的艺术效果。诗人自创乐府新题写时事，为中唐时期兴起的新乐府运动作出了开创性的贡献。
“行”是乐府歌曲的一种体裁。杜甫的《兵车行》没有沿用古题，而是缘事而发，即事名篇，自创新题，运用乐府民歌的形式，深刻地反映了人民的苦难生活。
诗歌从蓦然而起的客观描述开始，以重墨铺染的雄浑笔法，如风至潮来，在读者眼前突兀展现出一幅震人心弦的巨幅送别图：兵车隆隆，战马嘶鸣，一队队被抓来的穷苦百姓，换上了戎装，佩上了弓箭，在官吏的押送下，正开往前线。征夫的爷娘妻子乱纷纷地在队伍中寻找、呼喊自己的亲人，扯着亲人的衣衫，捶胸顿足，边叮咛边呼号。车马扬起的灰尘，遮天蔽日，连咸阳西北横跨渭水的大桥都被遮没了。千万人的哭声汇成震天的巨响在云际回荡。“耶娘妻子走相送”，一个家庭支柱、主要劳动力被抓走了，剩下来的尽是些老弱妇幼，对一个家庭来说不啻是一个塌天大祸，怎么不扶老携幼，奔走相送呢？一个普通“走”字，寄寓了诗人多么浓厚的感情色彩！亲人被突然抓兵，又急促押送出征，眷属们追奔呼号，去作那一刹那的生死离别，是何等仓促，何等悲愤！“牵衣顿足拦道哭”，一句之中连续四个动作，又把送行者那种眷恋、悲怆、愤恨、绝望的动作神态，表现得细腻入微。诗人笔下，灰尘弥漫，车马人流，令人目眩；哭声遍野，直冲云天，震耳欲聋！这样的描写，给读者以听觉视觉上的强烈感受，集中展现了成千上万家庭妻离子散的悲剧，令人触目惊心！
接着，从“道旁过者问行人”开始，诗人通过设问的方法，让当事者，即被征发的士卒作了直接倾诉。
“道旁过者”即过路人，也就是杜甫自己。上面的凄惨场面，是诗人亲眼所见；下面的悲切言辞，又是诗人亲耳所闻。这就增强了诗的真实感。“点行频”，意思是频繁地征兵，是全篇的“诗眼”。它一针见血地点出了造成百姓妻离子散，万民无辜牺牲，全国田亩荒芜的根源。接着以一个十五岁出征，四十岁还在戍边的“行人”作例，具体陈述“点行频”，以示情况的真实可靠。“边庭流血成海水，武皇开边意未已。”“武皇”，是以汉喻唐，实指唐玄宗。杜甫如此大胆地把矛头直接指向了最高统治者，这是从心底迸发出来的激烈抗议，充分表达了诗人怒不可遏的悲愤之情。
诗人写到这里，笔锋陡转，开拓出另一个惊心动魄的境界。诗人用“君不闻”三字领起，以谈话的口气提醒读者，把视线从流血成海的边庭转移到广阔的内地。诗中的“汉家”，也是影射唐朝。华山以东的原田沃野千村万落，变得人烟萧条，田园荒废，荆棘横生，满目凋残。诗人驰骋想象，从眼前的闻见，联想到全国的景象，从一点推及到普遍，两相辉映，不仅扩大了诗的表现容量，也加深了诗的表现深度。
从“长者虽有问”起，诗人又推进一层。“长者”，是征夫对诗人的尊称。“役夫”是士卒自称。“县官”指唐王朝。“长者”二句透露出统治者加给他们的精神桎梏，但是压是压不住的，下句就终究引发出诉苦之词。敢怒而不敢言，而后又终于说出来 ，这样一阖一开，把征夫的苦衷和恐惧心理，表现得极为细腻逼真。这几句写的是眼前时事。因为“未休关西卒”，大量的壮丁才被征发。而“未休关西卒”的原因，正是由于“武皇开边意未已”所造成。“租税从何出？”又与前面的“千村万落生荆杞”相呼应。这样前后照应，层层推进，对社会现实的揭示越来越深刻。这里忽然连用了几个短促的五言句，不仅表达了戍卒们沉痛哀怨的心情，也表现出那种倾吐苦衷的急切情态。这样通过当事人的口述，又从抓兵、逼租两个方面，揭露了统治者的穷兵黩武加给人民的双重灾难。
诗人接着感慨道：如今是生男不如生女好，女孩子还能嫁给近邻，男孩子只能丧命沙场。这是发自肺腑的血泪控诉。重男轻女，是封建社会制度下普遍存在的社会心理。但是由于连年战争，男子的大量死亡，在这一残酷的社会条件下，人们却一反常态，改变了这一社会心理。这个改变，反映出人们心灵上受到多么严重的摧残啊！最后，诗人用哀痛的笔调，描述了长期以来存在的悲惨现实：青海边的古战场上，平沙茫茫，白骨露野，阴风惨惨，鬼哭凄凄。寂冷阴森的情景，令人不寒而栗。这里，凄凉低沉的色调和开头那种人声鼎沸的气氛，悲惨哀怨的鬼泣和开头那种惊天动地的人哭，形成了强烈的对照。这些都是“开边未已”所导致的恶果。至此，诗人那饱满酣畅的激情得到了充分的发挥，唐王朝穷兵黩武的罪恶也揭露得淋漓尽致。
这篇叙事诗，无论是前一段的描写叙述，还是后一段的代人叙言，诗人激切奔越、浓郁深沉的思想感情，都自然地融汇在全诗的始终，诗人那种焦虑不安、忧心如焚的形象也仿佛展现在读者面前。其次在叙述次序上参差错落前后呼应，舒得开，收得起，变化开阖，井然有序。第一段的人哭马嘶、尘烟滚滚的喧嚣气氛，给第二段的倾诉苦衷作了渲染铺垫；而第二段的长篇叙言，则进一步深化了第一段场面描写的思想内容，前后辉映，互相补充。同时，情节的发展与句型、音韵的变换紧密结合，随着叙述，句型、韵脚不断变化，三、五、七言，错杂运用，加强了诗歌的表现力。如开头两个三字句，急促短迫，扣人心弦。后来在大段的七字句中，忽然穿插上八个五字句，表现“行人”那种压抑不住的愤怒哀怨的激情，格外传神。用韵上，全诗八个韵，四平四仄，平仄相间，抑扬起伏，声情并茂。再次，是在叙述中运用过渡句和习用词语，如在大段代人叙言中，穿插“道旁过者问行人，行人但云点行频。”“长者虽有问，役夫敢申恨？”和“君不见”、“君不闻”等语，不仅避免了冗长平板，还不断提示，惊醒读者，造成了回肠荡气的艺术效果。诗人还采用了民歌的接字法，如“牵衣顿足拦道哭，哭声直上干云霄”。“道旁过者问行人，行人但云点行频”等，这样蝉联而下，累累如贯珠，朗读起来，铿锵和谐，优美动听。最后，采用了通俗口语，如“耶娘妻子”、“牵衣顿足拦道哭”、“被驱不异犬与鸡”等，清新自然，明白如话，是杜诗中运用口语非常突出的一篇。前人评及此，曾这样说：“语杂歌谣，最易感人，愈浅愈切。”这些民歌手法的运用，给诗增添了明快而亲切的感染力。
这是一首七言歌行，诗中多处使用了民歌的“顶真”手法，诵读起来，累累如贯珠，音调和谐动听。另外，还运用了对话方式和一些口语，使读者有身临现场的真切感。《唐宋诗醇》云：“此体创自老杜，讽刺时事而托为征夫问答之词。言之者无罪，闻之者足以为戒，《小雅》遗音也。篇首写得行色匆匆，笔势汹涌，如风潮骤至，不可逼视。以下出点行之频，出开边之非，然后正说时事，末以惨语结之。词意沉郁，音节悲壮，此天地商声，不可强为也。”▲
appreciation
After Tianbao, the Tang Dynasty’s wars against the northwest and southwest minorities became more and more frequent. This continuous large-scale war has not only brought heavy disasters to the border ethnic minorities, but also brought the same misfortune to the people in the Central Plains.
According to the 216 years of Zizhi Tongjian: “In April, ten years after Tianbao, Jiannan envoy Xianyu Zhongtong attacked Nanzhao barbarians and was defeated by Lunan. At that time, Zhongtong had 80000 soldiers,… the army was defeated, 60000 soldiers were killed, and Zhongtong only saved himself. Yang Guozhong covered up his defeat and still recounted his military achievements…. He raised soldiers from two capitals and northern Henan to fight against Nanzhao. People heard that Yunnan was plagued by malaria, and the soldiers were killed before the war, so they were not willing to enlist. Yang Guozhong sent the imperial historian to arrest people in different ways, and flail was sent to the army It is the traveler who worries and complains. His parents and wife send it to him. His crying voice is very loud. ” This historical record can be read as an illustration of the poem. This poem artistically represents this social reality.
This is a political satire against Tang Xuanzong’s militarism. In response to the old man, the poem poured out the people’s hatred of the war and the pain it brought. Under such circumstances, local officials have to levy exorbitant taxes, and the people suffer even more. This is one of the masterpieces in which the poet deeply understood the sufferings of the people and placed deep sympathy.
The whole poem is divided into two sections by the boundary of “passers-by ask pedestrians”: the first section describes the tragic situation of farewell, which is a record of events; The second paragraph conveys Zhengfu’s complaint, which is Ji Yan. This poem has profound ideological content. With the reply of the Zhengfu to the old man, it tells the people’s hatred of the war and exposes the long-term militarism of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, which has caused great disasters to the people. The whole poem contains feelings in the narration, echoes with each other in the narrative order, changes in an orderly manner, and skillfully uses transitional sentences and idiomatic words, resulting in a sentimental artistic effect. The poet created a new inscription on current events in Yuefu, which made a pioneering contribution to the New Yuefu Movement in the Mid Tang Dynasty.
“Xing” is a genre of Yuefu songs. Du Fu’s Bingche Xing does not follow the old title, but comes from events. That is, famous articles, new titles, and the use of Yuefu folk songs, deeply reflect the suffering of the people.
The poem starts with the objective description of the sudden rise. With the vigorous writing technique of heavy ink painting, it suddenly shows a heartrending picture of farewell in front of the readers: the chariots rumble, the horses neigh, and teams of captured poor people, put on military uniforms, put on bows and arrows, are moving to the front under the escort of officials. Zhengfu’s wife and father searched for and shouted for their relatives in the procession, pulled their clothes, beat their chests and stamped their feet, and shouted while admonishing. The dust raised by cars and horses blocks the sky and the sun, and even the bridge across the Weishui River in the northwest of Xianyang is covered. The cries of thousands of people echoed in the clouds. “Ya Niang’s wife goes to see her off”. A family pillar and main labor force are captured, and the rest are old, weak, women and children. It’s a disaster for a family. Why not support the old and bring the young to see them off? An ordinary word “walk” conveys the poet’s strong feelings! The relatives were suddenly captured and escorted to the war. The family members rushed to call for a farewell. How hasty and sad! “Holding the clothes and stopping the feet to stop the way and crying”, four actions in a row, show the sender’s sentimental, pathetic, resentful and despairing gestures in detail. Under the poet’s pen, the dust is diffuse, and the traffic is dazzling; Crying all over the field, straight into the sky, deafening! This description gives readers a strong sense of hearing and vision, and focuses on the tragedy of thousands of families separated from their children. It is shocking!
Then, starting from “passers-by ask pedestrians”, the poet asked the people concerned, namely the enlisted soldiers, to talk directly through the method of asking questions.
“Passers by the roadside” means passers-by, namely Du Fu himself. The tragic scene above was witnessed by the poet; The following tragic words were heard by the poet himself. This enhances the realism of poetry. “Point line frequency”, which means frequent conscription, is the “eye of poetry” of the whole article. It pinpoints the root cause of the separation of the people, the innocent sacrifice of the people, and the desolation of the country’s farmland. Then take a “pedestrian” who is 15 years old and still guarding the border at the age of 40 as an example to specifically state the “point line frequency” to show that the situation is true and reliable. “The border court bled into sea water, and Emperor Wu opened the border unexpectedly.” “Emperor Wu” refers to the Han Dynasty as a metaphor for the Tang Dynasty, which actually refers to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu so boldly pointed the spearhead directly at the supreme ruler, which was a fierce protest from the bottom of his heart and fully expressed the poet’s uncontrollable grief and indignation.
When the poet wrote here, his brushwork turned sharply, opening up another soul stirring realm. The poet led the audience with the words “You don’t hear”, and reminded the readers in a conversational tone to shift their eyes from the bloody frontier court to the vast inland. The “Han family” in the poem also alludes to the Tang Dynasty. There are thousands of villages in the fertile fields to the east of Huashan Mountain, which have become sparsely populated, deserted, brambled and withered. The poet galloped his imagination, from what he heard to what he saw, he thought of the whole country, and from one point to the other, he spread it to the whole country, which not only expanded the expression capacity of poetry, but also deepened the expression depth of poetry.
From the beginning of “although the elders have questions”, the poet has advanced to another level. “Elder” is Zhengfu’s honorific title for poets. “Servant” is the name of the soldiers. “County officials” refer to the Tang Dynasty. The two sentences of “elders” reveal the spiritual shackles imposed on them by the rulers, but the pressure is overwhelming, and the next sentence will eventually lead to complaints. Dare to be angry but dare not speak, and then finally speak out. Such a close and open show the Zhengfu’s painstakingness and fear in a very delicate and realistic way. These sentences are about current events. A large number of able-bodied men were recruited because they had not retired from the western part of the Pass. The reason for “not stopping the soldiers in the west of the Pass” is precisely due to “Emperor Wu opened the border without thinking”. “Where do taxes come from?” It also echoes the previous “thousands of villages and thousands of villages produce Jingqi”. In this way, the social reality is revealed more and more profoundly. A few short five character sentences were suddenly used here, which not only expressed the soldiers’ deep sorrow, but also showed their eagerness to pour out their grievances. In this way, through the oral statement of the party concerned, the double disasters imposed on the people by the ruler’s militarism were exposed from the two aspects of military control and forced rent.
The poet then sighed: It is better to have a boy than a girl. Girls can marry their neighbors, and boys can only die in the battlefield. This is a blood and tear complaint from the heart. The preference for men over women is a common social psychology under the feudal social system. However, due to years of war, a large number of men died. Under this cruel social condition, people have changed this social psychology. This change reflects how badly people have been destroyed in their minds! Finally, the poet described the tragic reality that has existed for a long time with a mournful tone: on the ancient battlefield near Qinghai, there are vast plain sand, bare bones, bleak wind, and ghost crying. The cold and gloomy scene makes people shudder. Here, the desolate and deep tone forms a strong contrast with the noisy atmosphere at the beginning, the sad and sad ghost cry and the earth shaking cry at the beginning. These are all the consequences of “opening the border but not having already”. So far, the poet’s full and hearty passion has been brought into full play, and the evil of the Tang Dynasty’s militarism has also been revealed incisively and vividly.
This narrative poem, no matter the description of the previous paragraph or the narration of the later generation, the poet’s intense and deep thoughts and feelings are naturally integrated into the whole poem, and the poet’s image of anxiety and anxiety seems to be displayed in front of readers. Secondly, in the narrative order, it echoes back and forth irregularly, which is comfortable, affordable, open and close, and orderly. The noisy atmosphere of people crying and smoke billowing in the first paragraph plays an important role in the second paragraph; The long narration in the second paragraph further deepens the ideological content of the scene description in the first paragraph. At the same time, the development of the plot is closely combined with the transformation of sentence patterns and rhymes. With the narration, sentence patterns and rhymes are constantly changing. Three, five and seven words are used in a mixed way, which strengthens the expressiveness of poetry. Like the first two three character sentences, they are short and exciting. Later, eight five character sentences were interspersed in a large section of seven character sentences to express the uncontrollable anger and plaintive passion of “pedestrians”. In terms of rhyme, there are eight rhymes in the whole poem. The four tones are flat and the four oblique tones are interlaced with each other. Thirdly, transitional sentences and idiomatic words are used in the narration. For example, in the narration of a large segment of the generation, “passers-by ask pedestrians, while pedestrians walk at cloud points.” “Although the elder asked, did the servant dare to revenge?” And “you can’t see”, “you can’t hear” and other words, not only avoid the lengthy tablet, but also constantly remind the readers, causing a soul stirring artistic effect. The poet also adopted the word joining method of folk songs, such as “holding the clothes and stopping the feet to cry in the road, and the cry goes straight up to the sky”. “The passers-by ask the pedestrians, but the pedestrians are walking at the cloud point frequently” and so on. In this way, they continue to run down like beads, reading aloud is sonorous, harmonious and beautiful. Finally, he adopted popular spoken language, such as “Yeniang’s wife”, “pulling clothes and stopping feet to stop crying”, “being driven is like a dog and a chicken”, which is fresh and natural and clear, and is a very prominent article in Du’s poems. When predecessors commented on this, they once said: “Miscellaneous ballads are the most touching, the shallower the more incisive.” The use of these folk song techniques has added a lively and cordial appeal to the poem.
This is a seven character song line, which uses the “absolute truth” technique of folk songs in many places. When it is read, it is as rich as a bead, and the tone is harmonious and beautiful. In addition, dialogue and some spoken English are also used to make the readers have a real sense of being present at the scene. The Poems of the Tang and Song Dynasties are mellow, which says: “This style was created by Lao Du. It satirizes current events and entrusts him with a question and answer speech. Those who say it are not guilty, but those who hear it are enough to give a warning. The voice of Xiaoya is also left behind. The first part of the article is written in a hurry, and the strokes are turbulent, like a sudden wind wave. You can’t look at it closely. Here are some lines of frequency, and the wrong side of the story is revealed. Then you are talking about current events, and at the end you end you end it with tragic words. The meaning of the words is gloomy, and the syllables are solemn and stirring. The business voice of the world cannot be forced.” ▲
