Listen to this article鉴赏
这三首诗是公元757年（唐肃宗至德二载）杜甫从左拾遗任上被放还鄜州羌村（在今陕西富县南）探家时所作。关于这组诗，《古唐诗合解》这样评说：“三首哀思苦语，凄恻动人。总之，身虽到家，而心实忧国。实境实情，一语足抵人数语。”足见这组诗所蕴含的社会现实内容。
第一首着重写诗人刚到家时合家欢聚惊喜的情景，以及人物在战乱时期出现的特有心理。
“峥嵘赤云西，日脚下平地。柴门鸟雀噪，归客千里至。”诗人千里跋涉，终于在薄暮时分风尘仆仆地回到了羌村。天边的夕阳也急于躲到地平线下休息，柴门前的树梢上有几只鸟儿鸣叫不停，这喧宾夺主的声浪反衬出那个特殊岁月乡村生活的萧索荒凉。即便如此，鸟雀的鸣叫声，也增添了“归客千里至”的喜悦气氛，带有喜迎归者之意。诗人的归来连鸟雀都为之欢欣，更何况诗人的妻子和儿女。这首诗开篇四句措词平实，但蕴意深厚，为下文的叙事抒情渲染了气氛。
“妻孥怪我在，惊定还拭泪。”此二句诗人逼真地将战乱时期亲人突然相逢时产生的复杂情感传达了出来。诗人多年来只身一人在外颠沛流离，又加上兵连祸结，战乱不休，其生死安危家人无从知晓，常年不归，加之音讯全无，家人早已抱着凶多吉少的心理，未敢奢望诗人平安归来。今日亲人杜甫骤然而归，实出家人意料，所以会产生“怪我在”的心理。“惊定还拭泪”，妻子在惊讶、惊奇、惊喜之后，眼中蓄满了泪水，泪水中有太多复杂的情感因素：辛酸、惊喜、埋怨、感伤等等。这次重逢来得太珍贵了，它是用长久别离和九死一生的痛苦换来的，在那个烽火不息，哀鸿遍野，白骨随处可见的年代，很少有人能像杜甫一样幸运地生还。于是，诗人发出深沉悲切的感慨：“世乱遭飘荡，生还偶然遂。”从诗人幸存的“偶然”，读者可以体会到悲哀的“必然”。杜诗之所以千百年来一直能使读者在读后惊心动魄，其秘密就在于它绝不只是反映诗人自己的生活经历，而是对现实生活的高度集中的概括。
诗人生还的喜讯很快传遍了羌村，乡邻们带着惊喜的心情纷纷赶来探望。“邻人满墙头，感叹亦嘘欷”，邻里们十分知趣地隔墙观望，不忍破坏诗人一家团圆的喜庆气氛，看着诗人劫后余生，乡邻们情不自禁地为之感叹，为之唏嘘。而在这种感叹和唏嘘中，又含有诗人自家的伤痛。“夜阑更秉烛，相对如梦寐。”诗人用极为简单传神的景语，将乱离人久别重逢的难以置信的奇幻感受描摹了出来。曾经多少次在梦中呼唤亲人的名字，如今亲人真的骤然出现在面前，突如其来的相逢反让诗人感觉不够真实。夜幕降临，灶台上燃起昏黄的烛火，一家人围坐在一起，在朦胧的灯光映照下，此情此景更让诗人觉得犹如在梦境中一样。诗人用这样两句简朴的语言将战争年代人们的独特感受更强烈地呈现出来，由写一人一家的酸甜苦辣波及全天下人的悲苦，这种描写十分具有典型性。
第二首，写诗人得还家以后的苦闷和矛盾心情，表达出作者身处乱世有心报国而不甘心苟且偷生的心态。
对于一个忧乐关乎天下的诗人来说，相逢时的喜悦是短暂的。“晚岁迫偷生，还家少欢趣。”居定之后，诗人的报国壮志重新高涨，对大唐江山的忧患渐渐冲淡了相逢的喜悦。正值国难当头，民不聊生之际，诗人却守着一方小家庭，诗人意识到这种现状无异于苟且偷生。作者曾经豪情满志地立下“致君尧舜上，再使风俗淳”的志向，在金戈铁马、烽火狼烟中淹没，壮志未酬的苦闷使诗人的脸庞上不再有笑容，日子久了，连孩子也察觉父亲的变化。“娇儿不离膝，畏我复却去”，看着父亲日渐愁苦的脸，懂事的孩子知道父亲又在操虑国事了，担心父亲为了理想再度离家而去，于是，孩子们每日守护在父亲左右，珍惜和父亲在一起的每时每刻。
“忆昔好追凉，故绕池边树。萧萧北风劲，抚事煎百虑。”诗人用今昔对比来寄托胸中苦闷，叙事中穿插写景。“萧萧北风”大大添加了悲苦的氛围，也强化了“百虑”的深沉，其中一个“煎”字，给读者留下想象的空间。
作为一个伟大的爱国文人，当理想与现实的矛盾无法解决时，诗人内心开始变得极度焦灼不安，诗人需要寻求一个突破口来倾泄胸中郁结的情绪。千百年来，无数失意文人与酒结下了不解之缘。在诗中，杜甫也不约而同地发出感慨：“赖知禾黍收，已觉糟床注。如今足斟酌，且用慰迟暮。”诗人名在写酒，实为说愁。它是诗人百般无奈下的愤激之辞，迟暮之年，壮志难伸，激愤难谴，“且用”二字将诗人有千万般无奈与痛楚要急于倾泻的心情表达了出来，这正应了李白的那句“抽刀断水水更流，举杯消愁愁更愁”。
第三首，叙述邻里携酒深情慰问及诗人致谢的情景。通过父老们的话，反映出广大人民的生活。
“群鸡正乱叫，客至鸡斗争”，群鸡的争斗乱叫也是暗喻时世的动荡纷乱，同时，这样的画面也是乡村特有的。正是鸡叫声招来了诗人出门驱赶群鸡、迎接邻里的举动，“驱鸡上树木，始闻扣柴荆”，起首四句，用语简朴质实，将乡村特有的景致描绘了出来，而这种质朴，与下文父老乡邻的真挚淳厚的情谊相契合。
“父老四五人，问我久远行”，“父老”说明了家里只有老人，没有稍微年轻的人，这位后文父老感伤的话张本，同时为下文的“兵戈既未息，儿童尽东征”作铺垫“问”有问候、慰问之义，同时在古代还有“馈赠”的进一步含义，于是又出现“手中各有携，倾榼浊复清”两句，乡亲们各自携酒为赠，前来庆贺杜甫的生还，尽管这些酒清浊不一，但体现了父老乡亲的深情厚意。由于拿不出好酒，乡亲们再三地表示歉意，并说明原因：苦辞“酒味薄，黍地无人耕。兵革既未息，儿童尽东征。”连年战祸，年轻人都被被征上了前线，由此体现出战乱的危害，短短四句，环环相扣，层层深入。由小小的“酒味薄”一事折射出“安史之乱”的全貌，这首诗也由此表现了高度的概括力。
最后四句写诗人以歌作答，表示自己的感激之情。“请为父老歌，艰难愧深情”，父老乡邻的关怀慰问令诗人万分感动，为表示自己的谢意，诗人即兴作诗，以歌作答。“愧”字含义丰富，既有“惭愧”意，又有“感激”、“感谢”意，而“惭愧”和“愧疚”的成分更多一些。面对淳朴诚实的父老乡亲，诗人深感时局危难，生活艰困，可又未能为国家为乡亲造福出力，所以不但心存感激，而且感到惭愧。结局两句将诗情推向极至，“歌罢仰天叹，四座泪纵横”，诗人长歌当哭，义愤填膺，悲怆感慨之情骤然高涨。“百虑”化作长歌咏叹，这一声长叹意味深长，饱含无奈和痛楚，诗人对国事家事的沉痛忧虑让四座乡邻大受感染，产生共鸣，举座皆是涕泪纵横。听者与歌者所悲感者不尽相同，但究其根源皆由是安史之乱引发。诗人的情感思绪已不仅仅是个人的，它能代表千千万万黎民苍生、爱国志士的心声。杜甫的诗人形象在作品中已经由“小我”升华为“大我”，“纵横”之泪是感时局伤乱世之泪，是悲国破悼家亡之泪，组诗潜藏着的情感暗流在结尾处如破堤之水奔涌而出，悲怆之情推倒了最高点，表现出强烈的艺术感染力。
杜甫的《羌村》三首与“三吏”、“三别”等代表作一样，具有高度的典型意义。虽然作品讲述的只是诗人乱后回乡的个人经历，但诗中所写的“妻孥怪我在，惊定还拭泪”，“夜阑更秉烛，相对如梦寐”等亲人相逢的情景，以及“邻人满墙头，感叹亦唏嘘”的场面，绝不只是诗人一家特有的生活经历，它具有普遍意义。这组诗真实地再现了唐代“安史之乱”后的部分社会现实：世乱飘荡，兵革未息，儿童东征，妻离子散，具有浓烈的“诗史”意味。
在艺术上，诗人熔叙事、抒情、写景于一炉，结构严谨，语言质朴，运用今昔对比，高度概括等手法，表达了诗人崇高的爱国情怀，集中体现了杜甫沉郁顿挫的诗风。三章诗不仅在形式上连绵一体，而且很好地引导读者进行联想和想象，使得这组诗的意蕴超越了其文字本身而显得丰富深厚。杜甫的《羌村》三首用诗人的亲身经历和体验反映出安史之乱的严重危害，具有高度的艺术概括力，体现了作者深厚的诗文功底。▲
appreciate
These three poems were written by Du Fu when he was released to visit Qiang Village in Fuzhou (in the south of Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province today) in 757 AD (the second year of Emperor Suzong’s Zhide’s reign in Tang Dynasty) from his post of collecting relics on the left. As for this group of poems, the “Ancient Tang Poetry Combination” commented: “Three sad words are very touching. In a word, although you are at home, you are really worried about the country. In fact, one word is enough to describe the number of people.” It shows the social reality content contained in this series of poems.
The first one rewrites the scene of happy family reunion when the poet just arrived home, as well as the special psychology of the characters during the war.
“The towering red clouds are in the west, and the ground is flat at the foot of the sun. The birds in the firewood gate are noisy, and the returning guests are thousands of miles away.” After a long journey, the poet finally returned to Qiang Village at dusk. The setting sun in the sky is eager to hide under the horizon to rest. There are several birds singing on the treetop in front of the firewood gate. This noise reflects the bleakness and desolation of rural life in that special era. Even so, the chirping of birds also adds a happy atmosphere of “returning guests thousands of miles away”, with the intention of welcoming the returnees. Even birds rejoice at the poet’s return, not to mention his wife and children. The first four sentences of this poem are plain in wording, but profound in meaning, which adds atmosphere to the narrative lyricism below.
“My wife and children blame me for being here, and they will still wipe away their tears.” These two sentences vividly convey the complex feelings generated when relatives meet suddenly during the war. The poet has been wandering around alone for many years. In addition to the war and chaos, his life and death are unknown to his family. In addition, there is no news of his return. His family has long been in a bad mood and dared not expect the poet to return safely. Today, Du Fu, one of his relatives, suddenly returned home, which was unexpected for his family. Therefore, he felt “blame me”. “Surprised still wipes tears”. After surprise, surprise and surprise, the wife’s eyes are full of tears. There are too many complex emotional factors in the tears: bitterness, surprise, complaint, sentimentality, etc. This reunion is too precious. It was bought by the pain of long separation and near death. In the era of endless wars, endless sorrows, and white bones everywhere, few people could survive as luckily as Du Fu. Therefore, the poet sent out a deep and sad emotion: “The world was wandering in chaos, and it was accidental to survive.” From the “chance” of the poet’s survival, readers can realize the “necessity” of sadness. The secret of Du Fu’s poems is that they are not only a reflection of the poet’s own life experience, but a highly concentrated summary of real life.
The good news of the poet’s survival soon spread all over Qiang Village, and the villagers came to visit with surprise. “The neighbors are all over the wall, and they can’t help sighing and sighing.” The neighbors were very interested in watching from the wall. They couldn’t bear to destroy the happy atmosphere of the poet’s family reunion. Seeing the poet survive, the neighbors couldn’t help sighing and sighing for him. And in this kind of exclamation and regret, it also contains the poet’s own pain. “More candlelight at the end of the night, and sleep like a dream.” The poet used very simple and vivid language to describe the incredible fantastic feeling of reunion after a long separation. How many times have you called your relatives’ names in your dreams? Now your relatives really suddenly appear in front of you. The sudden meeting makes the poet feel unreal. When night fell, a dim candle fire was lit on the hearth, and the family sat together in the dim light, which made the poet feel like he was in a dream. The poet used these two simple words to show the unique feelings of people in the war years more strongly. The description of the ups and downs of each family affected the sorrow and sufferings of people all over the world, which is very typical.
The second one is about the poet’s depressed and contradictory mood after he had to return home, which expresses the author’s attitude of serving the country in troubled times but not willing to live a life of idleness.
For a poet who cares about the world, the joy of meeting is short. “Late in life is forced to live secretly, and returning home is less fun.” After settling down, the poet’s ambition to serve the country rose again, and his worries about the Tang Dynasty gradually diluted the joy of meeting. At a time when the country is in dire straits and the people are struggling, the poet is guarding a small family. The poet realizes that this situation is nothing but living a life of idleness. The author once set up the ambition of “to the king Yao and Shun, and then to make the customs pure” with great ambition, which was submerged in the golden battles, iron horses and flames of war. The sadness of unfulfilled ambition made the poet’s face no longer smile. As time went by, even the children noticed the change of their father. “My beloved never leaves my knees, and I am afraid that I will go back”. Looking at my father’s increasingly sad face, the sensible children know that his father is worried about national affairs again, and they are worried that his father will leave home again for his ideal. Therefore, the children guard around their father every day and cherish every moment with him.
“Recalling the past, I was fond of chasing the cool, so I circled the trees by the pond. The north wind was strong, and I was worried about everything.” The poet used the contrast between the present and the past to express his depression, and the narrative was interspersed with scenery. The “Xiaoxiao North Wind” greatly adds a sad atmosphere and also strengthens the depth of “hundred worries”, one of which is “Jian”, leaving space for readers to imagine.
As a great patriotic scholar, when the contradiction between ideal and reality could not be resolved, the poet began to become extremely anxious, and he needed to seek a breakthrough to vent his depressed feelings. For thousands of years, countless frustrated literati have forged an indissoluble bond with wine. In the poem, Du Fu also spontaneously sighed: “I feel that I have already lost my mind when I harvest the grain and millet. Now I should take it into consideration and comfort the old age with it.” The poet’s name is “writing about wine”, which is actually “saying sorrow”. It is the poet’s indignant words of helplessness. In his late years, it is difficult to express his lofty aspirations and anger. The word “and use” express the poet’s feelings of helplessness and pain in thousands of ways, which is exactly in line with Li Bai’s sentence, “The water flows more when the knife is cut off, and the sorrow flows more when the cup is raised.”.
The third song describes the scene of neighbors carrying wine to express their sympathy and the poet’s thanks. Through the words of the elders, it reflects the life of the people.
“The chickens are crowing and the guests are fighting”. The crowing of chickens is also a metaphor for the turbulence of the times. At the same time, this picture is unique to the countryside. It was the crowing of chickens that prompted the poet to go out to drive away chickens and welcome the neighbors. “Drive the chickens up the trees, and then smell the firewood and thorns.” The first four sentences, simple and honest, described the unique scenery of the countryside, and this simplicity coincided with the sincere and honest friendship between the parents and the neighbors.
“Four or five elders asked me for a long journey.” The “elders” explained that there were only old people in the family, and there were no young people. This is a sentimental statement of the elders later. At the same time, it paved the way for the following “The war has never stopped, and the children have gone all the way to the East”. “Asking” has the meaning of greeting and condolence. At the same time, there was a further meaning of “gift” in ancient times, so there were two sentences: “Each has his own hand, and the whole family has his own family.”, He came to celebrate Du Fu’s survival. Although these wines are different in purity and turbidity, they show the kindness of his parents and villagers. The villagers repeatedly apologized for their failure to produce good wine, and explained the reason: “The wine tastes thin, and no one cultivates the millet field. The military revolution has not ended, and the children have gone all the way to the east.” After years of war, young people have been enlisted on the front line, which reflects the danger of war. In just four sentences, they are closely linked and in-depth. The whole picture of the “An Shi Rebellion” is reflected by the small event of “weak taste of wine”, and this poem also shows a high degree of generalization.
In the last four sentences, the poet wrote a song to express his gratitude. “Please sing an old song for your father, and feel sorry for your hardship”. The care and sympathy of your parents and neighbors moved the poet deeply. To express his gratitude, the poet improvised poems and answered with songs. The word “shame” has rich meanings, including “shame”, “gratitude” and “gratitude”, while “shame” and “guilt” have more elements. In the face of simple and honest people, the poet felt deeply that the current situation was dangerous and the life was difficult, but he could not contribute to the country and the benefit of the villagers, so he was not only grateful, but also ashamed. The final two sentences pushed the poetic sentiment to the extreme. “After singing, the poet looked up to the sky and sighed, and the four teared up”. The poet sang a long song and cried, filled with righteous indignation, and suddenly felt sad. “Hundred worries” turned into a long chant, which was meaningful, full of frustration and pain. The poet’s deep concern about the state affairs and family affairs made the four neighbors deeply affected and resonated, and all the seats were filled with tears. Listeners and singers have different feelings of sadness, but the root cause is the An Shi Rebellion. The poet’s feelings and thoughts are not only personal, but also represent the aspirations of millions of ordinary people and patriots. The image of Du Fu as a poet has been sublimated from the “ego” to the “big ego” in his works. The tears of “crisscross” are the tears of feeling the current situation and hurting the troubled times, and the tears of mourning for the country and the family. The hidden emotional undercurrent in the poems surges out at the end like the water breaking the dike, and the pathos pushes down the highest point, showing a strong artistic appeal.
The three Qiang Villages by Du Fu, like the representative works of “Three Officials” and “Three Partitions”, are highly typical. Although the work only tells about the poet’s personal experience of returning to his hometown after the chaos, the scenes in the poem, such as “my wife and children blame me for my presence, and they will still cry when surprised”, “more candles are held in the night, and it is relatively like sleeping in a dream”, and the scenes, such as “neighbors are all over the wall, sighing and sighing”, are not only the unique life experience of the poet’s family, but also of universal significance. This series of poems truly represents part of the social reality after the “An Shi Rebellion” in the Tang Dynasty: the world is in turmoil, the military revolution is not over, the children are on the Eastern Expedition, and their wives and children are separated, which has a strong meaning of “poetry history”.
In terms of art, the poet integrated narrative, lyric and landscape painting in one furnace, with rigorous structure, simple language, and using the techniques of comparison between the present and the past, highly summarizing, etc., to express the poet’s lofty patriotic feelings, which epitomized Du Fu’s gloomy poetic style. The three chapter poems are not only continuous in form, but also well guide readers to associate and imagine, making the meaning of this group of poems beyond the text itself and appear rich and profound. The three Qiang Villages by Du Fu reflect the serious harm of An Shi Rebellion with the poet’s personal experience and experience, which has a high artistic generalization and reflects the author’s profound poetic skills. ▲
