拟容取心 – Chinese philosophy and culture

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nǐ róng qǔ xīn 拟容取心

Compare Appearances to Grasp the Essence

指诗人在采取比兴手法的时候,通过类比、描摹事物的形象外貌,摄取事物内在的意蕴和义理,从而将原本不同的事物联系、结合在一起。“拟容”说的是重视“比兴”的具体形象;“取心”说的是摄取事物的精神实质,即重视事物形象所包含的内在意蕴和理趣。合起来的意思是,借助能表达一定意义的事物形象,来寄寓、抒写作者的思想感情。见于《文心雕龙·比兴》,由《周易·系辞上》中的“拟物立象”发展而来。刘勰(465?—520)提出这一术语,主要用以阐释比、兴都是由彼及此,二者又有不同:比为“拟容”,贴合事理最重要,忌不伦不类;兴为“取心”,感发幽微,以意相联。

This term means a poet uses the techniques of analogy and stimulation to depict the form and the external appearance of things. He takes in internal connotations and the principles of things, thus linking originally different things and combining them. Nirong (拟容 comparing appearances) attaches importance to specific forms for bixing (比兴 analogy and stimulation). While quxin (取心 grasping the essence) aims to get at the spirit and the essence of things, it therefore attaches importance to internal connotations and to the principles contained in the form of things. The combined meaning is that by giving expression to the form of things with a certain meaning, one may imply and express his thoughts and feelings. This notion appeared in The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons. It developed from niwu lixiang (拟物立象 comparing things and establishing resemblances) in The Book of Changes. Liu Xie (465?-520) first used this term, mainly to explain that analogy and stimulation are interconnected but are different: Analogy here means “comparing appearances.” Staying true to the principle of things is most important, and anything farfetched should be avoided. Stimulation means “grasping the essence,” sensing the abstruse and being connected with the meaning.

引例 Citations:

◎诗人比兴,触物圆览。物虽胡越,合则肝胆。拟容取心,断辞必敢。攒杂咏歌,如川之涣。(刘勰《文心雕龙·比兴》)

(诗人在运用比兴手法的时候,能够具体周密地接触、观察事物。即使事物的差异很大,像胡、越一样遥不相及,用比兴合在一起却如同肝胆那样密切。比拟、描摹事物的外在形象,摄取事物的内在意蕴和理趣,判断和措辞一定要果断明白。把繁杂纷纭的事物用比兴纳入诗歌,文思就如同河水一样畅快流淌。)

When a poet uses analogy and stimulation, he comes into close contact with things and observes them thoroughly. Things may be quite disorganized, but when combined they tend to show themselves to be intimately linked. When comparing appearances to grasp the essence of things, one should be concise and resolute in forming judgment. When one incorporates various things in recitations and songs, they will swell and flow like a river. (Liu Xie: The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons)

◎取象曰比,取义曰兴,义即象下之意。(皎然《诗式》)

(从事物的外部形象方面着眼是“比”,从事物的内在意蕴方面着眼是“兴”,而意蕴就含在形象之中。)

Analogy means comparing the appearances of things, while stimulation means grasping the essence of things. Meaning is what underlies the appearance.(Jiaoran: Poetic Styles)

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