诸宫调 – Chinese philosophy and culture

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Zhūgōngdiào 诸宫调

Song-speech Drama

一种源于北宋、流行于金元的说唱艺术。同一宫调的多首曲子,可组成一个套曲,诸宫调则是不同宫调的多个套曲的组合。其表演形式是唱完一个宫调的套曲,即换韵演唱另一个宫调的套曲。在套曲与套曲的演唱间隙,表演者通过说白来叙述情节,衔接前后。套曲之间,有时也夹有单曲小令。诸宫调对于元杂剧的成型与发展影响较大。董解元创作的《西厢记诸宫调》是存世最完整的诸宫调作品,代表了金代戏曲的最高水平。

The term refers to a form of theatrical performance combining song and speech popular in the Jin and Yuan periods. The drama is composed of sets of songs. Each set of songs is composed of the same mode of music, or gongdiao. During the performance, one set of songs is followed by another set of songs. Between them, the performer adds spoken narrative to explain the story and string the plot together. Sometimes single ditties are added. The genre had a marked influence on the development of Yuan zaju or opera. The zhugongdiao version of Romance of the Western Chamber by Dong Jieyuan is the most intact extant zhugongidao drama, and represents the best of Jin Dynasty opera.

引例 Citation:

◎长短句中,作滑稽无赖语,起于至和。嘉祐之前,犹未盛也。熙、丰、元祐间,兖州张山人以诙谐独步京师,时出一两解。泽州孔三传者,首创诸宫调古传,士大夫皆能诵之。(王灼《碧鸡漫志》卷二)

(词作中,使用滑稽逗笑的语言,是从至和年间开始的。嘉祐之前,还不兴盛。熙宁、元丰和元祐年间,兖州张山人的诙谐表演在京城无人能比,时不时地就作一两首。泽州孔三传,首创用诸宫调演绎古代传奇故事,士大夫都能吟诵。)

The use of humorous and comic language in ci poems began in the Zhihe era(1054) of the Song Dynasty, but did not become widespread until the Jiayou era (1056-1063). During the Xining, Yuanfeng and Yuanyou periods (1068-1086), the comic performances of Zhang Shanren of Yanzhou were the best in the capital, and he would often make up verses of his own. It was Kong Sanchuan of Zezhou who first used zhugongdiao to tell the legendary tales of ancient times, and most literati could recite the lines and hum the tunes. (Wang Zhuo: Musings from Biji Lane)

◎说唱诸宫调,昨汴京有孔三传,编成传奇灵怪,入曲说唱;今杭城有女流熊保保,及后辈女童皆效之,说唱亦精。(吴自牧《梦粱录》卷二十)

(用诸宫调说唱,以前汴京有个孔三传,自编了一些传奇故事和有关神灵鬼怪的话本,配合乐曲说唱;现在杭州女艺人熊保保以及后辈女童都模仿他,她们的说唱技艺也很精湛。)

In the capital Bianjing, there was Kong Sanchuan who wrote dramas based on legendary tales and stories of gods and spirits, which he then combined with music to perform in zhugongdiao song-speech style. Today, Xiong Baobao, a female performer in Hangzhou, and other younger women who imitated him, also perform exquisitely. (Wu Zimu : Notes of Past Dreams)

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