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诗词大意
这首诗描绘的是一幅风雪夜归图。前两句，写诗人投宿山村时的所见所感。首句中“日暮”点明时间：傍晚。“苍山远”，是诗人风雪途中所见。青山遥远迷蒙，暗示跋涉的艰辛，急于投宿的心情。下句“天寒白屋贫”点明投宿的地点。“天寒白屋贫”：主人家简陋的茅舍，在寒冬中更显得贫穷。“寒”“白”“贫”三字互相映衬，渲染贫寒、清白的气氛，也反映了诗人独特的感受。
后两句写诗人投宿主人家以后的情景。“柴门闻犬吠”，诗人进入茅屋已安顿就寝，忽从卧榻上听到吠声不止。“风雪夜归人”，诗人猜想大概是芙蓉山主人披风戴雪归来了吧。这两句从耳闻的角度落墨，给人展示一个犬吠人归的场面。
这首诗用极其凝炼的诗笔，描画出一幅以旅客暮夜投宿、山家风雪人归为素材的寒山夜宿图。诗是按投宿的顺序写下来的。表达了诗人对劳动人民清贫生活的同情。
反客为主
唐代诗人刘长卿的《逢雪宿芙蓉山主人》一诗可谓广为流传，家喻户晓，其中最后一句“风雪夜归人”甚至为剧作家借用为剧名，遂使此诗在当代更为著名。然而对此诗的理解，窃以为问题颇大，通常的讲析很难令人信服。
主要问题是两个，一是标题，前面“逢雪宿芙蓉山”六字似已申足诗题，何以还要加上“主人”两字?于是有人以为此乃衍文，“主人”两字应该删去；二是“柴门闻犬吠，风雪夜归人”一联，诸多赏析者都展开神思，想象为：诗人夜宿于芙蓉山某农户家，夜闻农家主人雪夜归来，犬吠人答，所谓：“这些声音交织成一片，尽管借宿之人不在院内，未曾目睹，但从这一片嘈杂的声音足以构想出一幅风雪人归的画面。”(《唐诗鉴赏辞典》406页) 此诗不但运用了“反客为主”——出奇制胜的艺术构思，而且还采用了相辅相成、相得益彰的艺术技巧。由此可见，刘长卿的这首小诗，上联写贬谪中的投宿，重在客观描写，下联写投宿时的感受，重在主观抒发，自然婉转，一气呵成。在表现形式上则相辅相成，相得益彰，音律上也如弹丸圆美流转，自有其美，并不存在所谓脉络的跳跃。诗虽全用赋体，然仍意在言外，启人深思。至此，标题中“主人”两字所特含的暗示意味，也就不言而喻，迎刃而解了，这个芙蓉山“主人”，不是别人，正是诗人之自谓也。 ▲
appreciate
General idea of poetry
This poem depicts a picture of returning at night in snow. The first two sentences describe what the poet saw and felt when he stayed in a mountain village. In the first sentence, “sunset” indicates the time: evening. “Cangshan Mountain is far away” was seen by the poet on his way to the snow. The remote and misty green mountains imply the hardships of trekking and the eagerness for lodging. The next sentence, “The house is poor in cold weather”, points out the place of lodging. “The house is poor in cold weather”: the owner’s humble cottage is even poorer in the cold winter. The words “cold”, “white” and “poor” set off each other, embellishing the atmosphere of poverty and innocence, and also reflecting the poet’s unique feelings.
The last two sentences describe the scene after the poet stayed at his master’s house. “The dog barks at the firewood gate”. The poet entered the hut and settled down. Suddenly, he heard the barking from his couch. The poet guessed that the master of Furong Mountain came back wearing snow in his cloak. These two sentences are inked from the perspective of hearing, showing a scene of dogs barking and people returning.
This poem, with extremely condensed poetic brush, depicts a picture of the cold mountain sleepover, which is based on the materials of tourists’ overnight lodging and mountain family snowmen. Poetry is written in the order of lodging. The poet expressed his sympathy for the poor life of the working people.
turn from a guest into a host
Liu Changqing, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem, “Sleeping in the Snow at the Master of Furong Mountain”, which is widely spread and widely known. The last sentence, “Returning at Night in the Wind and Snow”, was even borrowed by the playwright as the title of the play, making this poem more famous in contemporary times. However, it seems that the understanding of this poem is rather problematic, and the usual explanation and analysis are hardly convincing.
There are two main problems. One is the title. The front six words of “Sleeping in the Lotus Mountain on a snowy day” seem to have reached the poetic title. Why should we add the word “master”? Therefore, some people think that this is a derivation, and the word “master” should be deleted; The second is the couplet of “The Chaimen heard the dogs barking, and people came back at night in the snow”. Many viewers were thinking about it. They imagined that the poet stayed at a farmer’s house in Furong Mountain at night, and heard the farmer’s owner came back at night in the snow, The saying goes: “These sounds are intertwined. Although the sleepers are not in the courtyard and have never seen them, the noisy sound is enough to conceive a picture of people returning from a snowstorm.” (Page 406 of the Tang Poetry Appreciation Dictionary) This poem not only uses the artistic concept of “giving priority to visitors” – a surprising victory, but also uses artistic techniques that complement and complement each other. It can be seen from this that the first couplet of this poem by Liu Changqing focuses on the objective description of the lodging in relegation, while the second couplet focuses on the subjective expression, natural tactfulness and consistency. In terms of forms of expression, they complement each other and complement each other. In terms of rhythm, they are as beautiful as bullets. They have their own beauty, and there is no jumping of the so-called context. Although the poem is in the form of Fu, it is still implicit and enlightens people to think deeply. So far, the implied meaning of the word “master” in the title is self-evident and can be easily solved. The “master” of Furong Mountain is not others, but the poet himself. ▲
