邹德忠 隶书:杜甫《曲江二首》(其二)
【释文】朝回日日典春衣,每日江头尽醉归。酒债寻常行处有,人生七十古来稀。穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。传语风光共流转,暂时相赏莫相违。
【款识】杜甫曲江其二。丙戍年冬,邹德忠书。
【注释】朝回:上朝回来。典:押当。债:欠人的钱。行处:到处。深深:在花丛深处。见:现。款款:缓慢地。传语:传话给。风光:春光。共流传:在一起逗留的盘桓。违:违背,错过。
【简析】
曲江又名曲江池,故址在今西安城南五公里处,原为汉武帝所造。唐玄宗开元年间大加修整。其南有紫云楼、芙蓉苑;西有杏园、慈恩寺。为着名游览胜地。
这是“联章诗”,上、下两首之间有内在的联系。
第二首,即紧承“何用浮荣绊此身”而来。
前四句一气流转,而又细针密线。“日日典春衣”,并非窘困潦倒所致而是为了“每日江头尽醉归”。
接着诗人又逼进一层:“酒债寻常行处有。”“寻常行处”,包括了曲江,又不限于曲江。行到曲江,就在曲江尽醉;行到别的地方,就在别的地方尽醉。
因此只靠典春衣买酒,无异于杯水车薪,于是乎由买到赊,以至“寻常行处”,都欠有“酒债”。付出这样高的代价就是为了换得个醉醺醺,这又是为什么?
诗人终于作了回答:“人生七十古来稀。”意谓人生能活多久,既然不得行其志,就“莫思身外无穷事,且尽生前有限杯”吧!这是激愤之言,联系诗的全篇和杜甫的全人,是不难了解言外之意的。
“穿花”一联写江头景。叶梦得曾评道:“诗语固忌用巧太过,然缘情体物,自有天然工妙,虽巧而不见刻削之痕。老杜..‘穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞’:‘深深’字若无‘穿’字,‘款款’字若无‘点’字,皆无以见其精微如此。然读之浑然,全似未尝用力,此所以不碍其气格超胜。使晚唐诸子为之,便当如‘鱼跃练波抛玉尺,莺穿丝柳织金梭’体矣。”(《石林诗话》卷下)这一联“体物”有天然之妙,但不仅妙在“体物”,还妙在“缘情”。“七十古来稀”, 人生如此短促,而“一片花飞减却春,风飘万点正愁人”,大好春光,又即将消逝。诗人正是满怀惜春之情观赏江头景物的。“穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞”,这样恬静、这样自由、这样美好的境界,还能存在多久呢?于是诗人“且尽芳樽恋物华”,写出了这样的结句:
“传语风光共流转,暂时相赏莫相违。”
“传语”意为“寄语”,对象就是“风光”。这里的“风光”,就是明媚的春光。
诗人以情观物,物皆有情,因而“传语风光”说:
“可爱的风光呀,你就同穿花的蛱蝶、点水的蜻蜓一起流转,让我欣赏吧,那怕是暂时的;可别连这点心愿也违背了啊!”
仇注引张綖语云:“二诗以仕不得志,有感于暮春而作。”
这两首诗总的特点,就是“含畜”,就是有“神韵”。“一片花飞”、“风飘万点”,写景并不工细。然而“一片花飞”,最足以表现春减;“风飘万点”,也最足以表现春暮。一切与春减、春暮有关的景色,都可以从“一片花飞”、“风飘万点”中去联想。“穿花”一联,写景可谓工细;但工而不见斧凿之痕,细也并非详尽无遗。
就抒情方面说,“何用浮荣绊此身”,“朝回日日典春衣,……”,其“仕不得志”是依稀可见的。但如何不得志,为何不得志,却并不明言,只是通过描写暮春之景抒发惜春、留意之情;而惜春、留春的表现方式,也只是饮酒,只是赏花玩景,只是及时行乐。
诗中的抒情主人公“日日江头尽醉归”,从“一片花飞”到“风飘万点”,已经目睹了、感受了春减、春暮的全过程,还“传语风光共流转,暂时相赏莫相违”,真可谓乐此不疲了!然而仔细品味,就发现言外有意,味外有味,弦外有音,景外有景,情外有情,“测之而益深,究之而益来”,真正体现了“神余象外”的艺术特点。
【Simple Translation】
Qujiang River, also known as Qujiang Pond, was originally built by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty at a location five kilometers south of present-day Xi’an. Tang Xuanzong Kaiyuan years greatly renovated. In the south, there are Zi Yun Lou and Furong Yuan; in the west, there are Apricot Garden and Ci’en Temple. It is a famous tourist attraction.
This is a “joint poem”, and the first and second poems are intrinsically related to each other.
In the second poem, the poem follows “Why do you use the floating glory to trip up this body”.
The first four stanzas flow in a single stream, but with a fine thread. The first four lines of the poem are a flowing, yet finely tuned, “I am not in a state of embarrassment and desperation,” but rather “I return to the river drunk every day”.
Then the poet pushes one more level: “Wine debts are commonplace.” The “ordinary places” include Qujiang River, but are not limited to it. If you go to Qujiang, you can get drunk at Qujiang; if you go to other places, you can get drunk at other places.
Therefore, to buy wine only by relying on spring clothes is like a drop in the bucket, so from buying to credit, and even “ordinary places”, all have “wine debts”. What is the reason for paying such a high price in order to get drunk?
The poet finally answered: “Life is rare at seventy years old.” This means that life is too short to live, and since we cannot do what we want to do, we should “not think about the endless things outside of our bodies, and finish the limited cups before we live”! It is easy to understand the meaning of the poem in relation to the whole poem and Du Fu’s personality.
The line “Wearing flowers” is about the scene at the head of the river. The old Du… The word ‘deep’ without the word ‘wear’, ‘paragraph’ without the word ‘point’ Without the word ‘point’, there is no way to see its subtlety. However, it is read in a comprehensive manner, as if no effort has been made. So that the late Tang sons for it, it will be like ‘fish leap practice wave throwing jade ruler, warbler through the silk willow weaving gold shuttle’ body carry on.” (Shihlin Poetic Discourse, vol. 2) This couplet is naturally wonderful, but not only in the “physical” sense, but also in the “emotional” sense. “Life is so short, and “a piece of flower flies, but the spring, the wind drifts ten thousand points, is worrying people”, the good spring is about to pass away. The poet is full of regret for the spring scenery at the head of the river. The poet is full of regret for the spring scenery. “Nymphs in flowers are deeply seen, dragonflies in water are flying”, how long can such a tranquil, free and beautiful realm exist? The poet then wrote the following concluding lines: “And the bottle of fragrance is full of love for things”:
”The poet said that the scenery is flowing together, and that we should not be separated from each other for the time being.”
”Passing on” means “sending words”, and the object is “scenery”. The “scenery” here is the bright spring light.
The poet looks at things with emotion, and all things have emotion:
”Lovely scenery, let me enjoy it with the nymphs that wear flowers and the dragonflies that dot the water, even if only for a while.
Qiu’s note quotes Zhang cap: “The two poems were written in the twilight of spring because of the feeling of being unmotivated.”
The general characteristic of these two poems is that they are “containing animals”, that is, they have “divine rhythm”. The poems “A piece of flower flies” and “The wind drifts ten thousand points” are not detailed scenes. However, “a piece of flowers flying” is the most adequate to show the spring decline; “wind drifting ten thousand points” is also the most adequate to show the spring twilight. All the scenery related to spring reduction and spring twilight can be associated from “a piece of flowers flying” and “wind drifting ten thousand points”. The couplet “through the flowers” can be described as detailed; however, the work is not visible, and the details are not exhaustive.
In terms of lyricism, “why use the floating glory to trip this body”, “back to the day to day canonical spring clothes, ……”, its “Shi can not aspire The “I am not ambitious” is vaguely visible. But how and why are not ambitious, but not explicitly, but only through the description of the twilight of spring scenery to express the feelings of cherishing spring, pay attention to; and cherish spring, stay in the spring of the way of expression, but also just drinking wine, just enjoying the flowers and playing scenery, just in time for fun.
The main character in the poem, “returning drunk from the head of the river day after day”, has witnessed and felt the whole process of spring diminishing and spring twilight from “a piece of flower flying” to “the wind floating ten thousand points”, and also The “words of the scenery flowing together, temporarily appreciate each other not to disobey”, really can be said to be happy! However, if you taste carefully, you will find that there is meaning beyond the words, taste beyond the taste, sound beyond the strings, scenery beyond the scenery, and emotion beyond the emotion, and that “the measurement is deeper and deeper, and the investigation is better”, which truly reflects the artistic characteristic of “God is outside the image”.