Listen to this article苏局仙 行书：刘方平《春怨》
【释文】纱窗日落渐黄昏，金屋无人见泪痕。寂寞空庭春欲晚，梨花满地不开门。
【款识】丁卯秋，南汇百五岁苏局仙。
【注释】金屋：原指汉武帝少时欲金屋藏阿娇事。这里指妃嫔所住的华丽宫室。
【简析】
这是一首宫怨诗。点破主题的是诗的第二句“金屋无人见泪痕”。句中的“金屋”，用汉武帝幼小时愿以金屋藏阿娇（陈皇后小名）的典故，表明所写之地是与人世隔绝的深宫，所写之人是幽闭在宫内的少女。下面“无人见泪痕”五字，可能有两重含意：一是其人因孤处一室、无人作伴而不禁下泪；二是其人身在极端孤寂的环境之中，纵然落泪也无人得见，无人同情。这正是宫人命运之最可悲处。句中的“泪痕”两字，也大可玩味。泪而留痕，可见其垂泪已有多时。这里，总共只用了七个字，就把诗中人的身份、处境和怨情都写出了。这一句是全诗的中心句，其他三句则都是环绕这一句、烘托这一句的。
起句“纱窗日落渐黄昏”，是使无人的“金屋”显得更加凄凉。屋内环顾无人，固然已经很凄凉，但在阳光照射下，也许还可以减少几分凄凉。现在，屋内的光线随着纱窗日落、黄昏降临而越来越昏暗，如李清照《声声慢》词中所说，“守着窗儿，独自怎生得黑”，其凄凉况味就更可想而知了。
第三句“寂寞空庭春欲晚”，是为无人的“金屋”增添孤寂的感觉。屋内无人，固然使人感到孤寂，假如屋外人声喧闹，春色浓艳，呈现一片生机盎然的景象，或者也可以减少几分孤寂。现在，院中竟也寂无一人，而又是花事已了的晚春时节，正如欧阳修《蝶恋花》词所说的“门掩黄昏，无计留春住”，也如李雯《虞美人》词所说的“生怕落花时候近黄昏”，这就使“金屋”中人更感到孤寂难堪了。
末句“梨花满地不开门”，它既直承上句，是“春欲晚”的补充和引伸；也遥应第二句，对诗中之人起陪衬作用。王夫之在《夕堂永日绪论》中指出“诗文俱有主宾”，要“立一主以待宾”。这首诗中所立之主是第二句所写之人，所待之宾就是这句所写之花。这里，以宾陪主，使人泣与花落两相衬映。李清照《声声慢》词中以“满地黄花堆积”，来陪衬“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”的词中人，所采用的手法与这首诗是相同的。
从时间布局看，诗的第一句是写时间之晚，第三句是写季节之晚。从第一句纱窗日暮，引出第二句窗内独处之人；从第三句空庭春晚，引出第四句庭中飘落之花。再从空间布局看，前两句是写屋内，后两句是写院中。写法是由内及外，由近及远，从屋内的黄昏渐临写屋外的春晚花落，从近处的杳无一人写到远处的庭空门掩。一位少女置身于这样凄凉孤寂的环境之中，当然注定要以泪洗面了。更从色彩的点染看，这首诗一开头就使所写的景物笼罩在暮色之中，为诗篇涂上了一层暗淡的底色，并在这暗淡的底色上衬映以洁白耀目的满地梨花，从而烘托出了那样一个特定的环境气氛和主人公的伤春情绪，诗篇的色调与情调是一致的。
为了增强画面效果，深化诗篇意境，诗人还采取了重叠渲染、反复勾勒的手法。诗中，写了日落，又写黄昏，使暮色加倍昏暗；写了春晚，又写落花满地，使春色扫地无余；写了金屋无人，又写庭院空寂，更写重门深掩，把诗中人无依无伴、与世隔绝的悲惨处境写到无以复加的地步。这些都是加重分量的写法，使为托出宫人的怨情而着意刻画的那样一个凄凉寂寞的境界得到最充分的表现。
此外，这首诗在层层烘托诗中人怨情的同时，还以象征手法点出了美人迟暮之感，从而进一步显示出诗中人身世的可悲、青春的暗逝。曰“日落”，曰“黄昏”，曰“春欲晚”，曰“梨花满地”，都是象征诗中人的命运，作为诗中人的影子来写的。这使诗篇更深曲委婉，味外有味。
【Simple Translation】
This is a poem about the grievances of the palace. The second line of the poem, “No one can see the traces of tears in the golden house”, breaks the theme. The “golden house” in the line is an allusion to Emperor Wu’s wish to hide Ajiao (nickname of Empress Chen) in a golden house when he was a child, indicating that the place where the poem is written is a deep palace isolated from the human world, and the person written is a young girl confined in the palace. The following five words “no one saw the traces of tears” may have two meanings: one is that the person cannot help but cry because she is alone in a room with no one to accompany her; the other is that the person is in an extremely lonely environment and no one can see or sympathize with her even if she is in tears. This is the saddest part of the fate of the court lady. The word “tear marks” in the sentence is also very interesting. The tears left traces, it can be seen that she has been crying for a long time. Here, only seven words are used to describe the identity, situation and grievances of the poet. This line is the central line of the poem, and the other three lines are all around this line.
The first line, “The sun is setting on the screen”, makes the unoccupied “golden house” seem even more desolate. It is already very bleak to look around the house, but under the sunlight, it may be a little less bleak. Now, the light inside the house is getting dimmer and dimmer as the sun sets on the screen and dusk falls, and as Li Qingzhao says in the lyrics of “Sounding Slow”, “I keep the window, how can I live in the dark alone”, so its bleakness is even more imaginable.
The third line, “It is late in the lonely empty garden”, adds a sense of loneliness to the unoccupied “golden house”. If there is no one inside the house, it certainly makes people feel lonely, but if there are noisy people outside the house, the spring colors are bright, presenting a scene of vitality, perhaps it can also reduce a few loneliness. Now, there is no one in the courtyard, and it is the late spring when the flowers are over, as Ouyang Xiu’s “Butterfly Loves Flowers” says, “The door covers the dusk, and there is no plan to stay in the spring”, and as Li Wen’s “Yu Beauty” says, “I am afraid that when the flowers fall, it will be near dusk”, which makes This makes the people in the “golden house” feel more lonely and embarrassed.
The last line “pear blossom full of the ground does not open the door”, it is not only a direct successor to the previous line, is “spring is late” of the complement and extension; also echo the second line, the poem of the person to play a supporting role. Wang Fuzhi pointed out in his “Xitang Yonri Ogata” that “poetry and literature both have a subject and a guest” and that it is necessary to “establish a subject to wait for the guest”. In this poem, the main character is the person written in the second line, and the guest is the flower written in this line. Here, the subject is accompanied by the guest, so that the person is crying and the flower is falling. In Li Qingzhao’s “Sound Slowly”, he uses “yellow flowers piled up on the ground” to accompany the person in the poem, who is “looking for something, cold and clear, miserable and sad”, using the same technique as this poem.
In terms of time layout, the first line of the poem is about the late time, and the third line is about the late season. From the first line, the sunset in the window leads to the person alone in the window in the second line; from the third line, the spring evening in the empty garden leads to the flowers falling in the garden in the fourth line. From the spatial layout, the first two lines are about the interior of the house, while the last two lines are about the courtyard. The way of writing is from inside to outside, from near to far, from the dusk inside the house to the spring evening flowers outside the house, from the absence of people in the near to the empty courtyard in the distance. A young girl in such a bleak and lonely environment, of course, is destined to wash her face with tears. More from the coloring, the beginning of the poem so that the scene written in the twilight, for the poem painted a layer of dark base color, and in this dark base color set off with white dazzling full of pear blossoms, so as to bring out the atmosphere of a specific environment and the main character’s sad mood, the tone and mood of the poem is consistent.
In order to enhance the picture effect and deepen the mood of the poem, the poet also adopted the technique of overlapping rendering and repeated outlining. In the poem, he writes about the sunset and then the dusk, making the twilight twice as dark; he writes about the spring evening and then the fallen flowers, making the spring color sweep away; he writes about the unoccupied golden house and then the empty courtyard, and he writes about the deep cover of the heavy door, writing the poet’s tragic situation of having no companion and being isolated from the world to the point of no return. The poem is written in a heavily weighted way, so that the bleak and lonely realm deliberately portrayed to bring out the grievances of the courtesans is fully expressed.
In addition, this poem, while underscoring the poet’s grievances, also uses symbolism to point out the sense of the beauty’s twilight, thus further showing the sadness of the poet’s life and the darkness of her youth. The words “sunset”, “dusk”, “spring is late” and “pear blossoms are all symbolic of the poet’s The fate of the poet, as the shadow of the poet to write. This makes the poem more deep and euphemistic, taste outside the taste.
