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这是诗人感慨人生、自伤怀才不遇之作。前两句再现诗人蹉跎时日、沉迷声色的生活状况；后两句抒发感慨，表现悔悟、自责以及欲将振作之意。全诗表面上是抒写自己对往昔扬州幕僚生活的追忆与感慨，实际上发泄自己对现实的满腹牢骚，对自己处境的不满。此诗流传很广，在后世尤其得到文人的激赏。”
诗的前两句是昔日扬州生活的回忆：潦倒江湖，以酒为伴；秦楼楚馆，美女娇娃，过着放浪形骸的浪漫生活。“楚腰纤细掌中轻”，运用了两个典故。楚腰，指美人的细腰。“楚灵王好细腰，而国中多饿人”（《韩非子·二柄》）。掌中轻，指汉成帝皇后赵飞燕，“体轻，能为掌上舞”（见《飞燕外传》）。从字面看，两个典故，都是夸赞扬州妓女之美，但仔细玩味“落魄”两字，可以看出，诗人很不满于自己沉沦下僚、寄人篱下的境遇，因而他对昔日放荡生涯的追忆，并没有一种惬意的感觉。
“十年一觉扬州梦”，这是发自诗人内心的慨叹，好像很突兀，实则和上面二句诗意是连贯的。“十年”和“一觉”在一句中相对，给人以“很久”与“极快”的鲜明对比感，愈加显示出诗人感慨情绪之深。而这感慨又完全归结在“扬州梦”的“梦”字上：往日的放浪形骸，沉湎酒色；表面上的繁华热闹，骨子里的烦闷抑郁，是痛苦的回忆，又有醒悟后的感伤。这就是诗人所“遣”之“怀”。忽忽十年过去，那扬州往事不过是一场大梦而已。
“赢得青楼薄幸名”—最后竟连自己曾经迷恋的青楼也责怪自己薄情负心。“赢得”二字，调侃之中含有辛酸、自嘲和悔恨的感情。这是进一步对“扬州梦”的否定，可是写得却是那样貌似轻松而又诙谐，实际上诗人的精神是很抑郁的。十年，在人的一生中不能算短暂，自己却一事无成，丝毫没有留下什么。这是带着苦痛吐露出来的诗句，非再三吟哦，不能体会出诗人那种意在言外的情绪。
前人论绝句尝谓：“多以第三句为主，而第四句发之”（胡震亨《唐音癸签》），杜牧这首绝句，可谓深得其中奥妙。这首七绝用追忆的方法入手，前两句叙事，后两句抒情。三、四两句固然是“遣怀”的本意，但首句“落魄江湖载酒行”却是所遣之怀的原因，不可轻轻放过。前人评论此诗完全着眼于作者“繁华梦醒，忏悔艳游”，是不全面的。诗人的“扬州梦”生活，是与他政治上不得志有关。因此这首诗除忏悔之意外，大有前尘恍惚如梦，不堪回首之意。▲
This is the poet’s lamentation of life, self pity and talent failure. The first two sentences reproduce the poet’s life condition of wasting time and indulging in voice and color; The last two sentences express feelings of repentance, remorse and desire to cheer up. On the surface, the whole poem expresses his recollection and emotion about the life of Yangzhou staff in the past, but actually vent his full grievances about the reality and his dissatisfaction with his situation. This poem has been widely spread, especially appreciated by literati in later generations. ”
The first two sentences of the poem are memories of life in Yangzhou in the past; Qin Lou Chu Hall, a beautiful girl, leads a dissolute romantic life. “Chuyao is slim and light in the palm”, using two allusions. Chuyao refers to the slim waist of a beauty. “King Ling of Chu has a thin waist, but there are many hungry people in the country” (Han Feizi, Erbing). Light in the palm refers to Zhao Feiyan, empress of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty. “Light in body, it can dance on the palm” (see “Feiyan Waizhuan”). Literally, the two allusions praise the beauty of Yangzhou prostitutes, but a careful review of the word “down and out” shows that the poet is very dissatisfied with his situation of being immersed in subordinates and dependent on others, so his recollection of the past debauchery does not have a pleasant feeling.
“Ten years’ sleep in Yangzhou” is a sigh from the poet’s heart. It seems very abrupt, but actually it is consistent with the above two lines. The contrast between “ten years” and “one night’s sleep” in one sentence gives people a sharp contrast between “long time” and “extremely fast”, which shows the poet’s deep emotion. And this emotion is completely attributed to the word “dream” of “Yangzhou Dream”: the former dissolute, indulging in wine and sex; The bustling on the surface and the depression in the bones are painful memories and sentimental after awakening. This is the “mind” of the poet. Suddenly, ten years later, the past of Yangzhou was just a big dream.
“Winning the fame of brothel” – Finally, even the brothel that I once loved blamed me for my thoughtlessness. The word “win” contains bitterness, self mockery and regret. This is a further negation of the “Yangzhou Dream”, but it seems so relaxed and witty. In fact, the poet’s spirit is very depressed. Ten years is not a short time in a person’s life, but he has accomplished nothing and left nothing. This is a poem uttered with pain. I have to recite it again and again. I can’t feel the poet’s implicit emotion.
The predecessors said that the quatrain was “mainly the third sentence, and the fourth sentence was issued” (Hu Zhenheng’s “Sign of Tang Yingui”). Du Mu’s quatrain is very mysterious. The first two sentences are narrative and the last two are lyrical. 3、 Although four or two sentences are the original intention of “Xianhuai”, the first sentence, “Losing the courage to carry wine in the Jianghu”, is the reason for this, and you can’t let it go lightly. The previous comments on this poem completely focus on the author’s “prosperous dream, repentance and beautiful travel”, which is not comprehensive. The poet’s “Yangzhou Dream” life is related to his political failure. Therefore, in addition to the accident of repentance, this poem has the meaning of being in a trance like a dream. ▲
