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  这是一首抒情诗。根据诗的内容来看,大约是作者漫游长江下游时的作品。当时正是秋季、天却相当寒冷。睹物伤情,不免想到故乡,引起了思乡之泪。再加以当时作者奔走于长江下游各地,既为隐士,而又想求官;既羡慕田园生活,而又想在政治上有所作为。因而此诗流露的感情是相当复杂的。

  “木落雁南渡,北风江上寒。”第一联是说,树叶飘落,大雁飞向南方,北风萧瑟,因而江上分外寒冷。第一联是写景。作者捕捉了当时带有典型的事物,点名季节。木叶渐脱,北雁南飞,这是最具代表性的秋季景象。但是单说秋,还不能表现出“寒”,作者又以“北风”呼啸来渲染,自然使人觉得寒冷,这就点出了题目中的“早寒”。

  落木萧萧,鸿雁南翔,北风呼啸,天气寒冷活画出一幅深秋景象。处身于这种环境之中很容易引起悲哀的情绪,这是一种“兴”起的手法,作者面对眼前景物,思乡之情,不免油然而生。

  这是一种“兴”起的手法,诗很自然地进入第二联。作者面对眼前景物,思乡之情,不免油然而生。“襄水”,亦即“襄河”。汉水在襄阳一带水流曲折,所以作者以“曲”概括之。“遥隔”两字,不仅表明了远,而且表明了两地隔绝,不能归去。这个“隔”字,已透露出思乡之情。作者家住襄阳,古属楚国,故诗中称“楚云端”,既能表现出地势之高(与长江下游相比),又能表现出仰望之情,可望而不可即,也能透露出思乡的情绪。“我家襄水曲,遥隔楚云端”,看来句意平淡,但细细咀嚼,是很能体味到作者炼句之妙、造意之苦的。

  如果说第二联只是透露一些思乡的消息,带有含蓄的意味,而又未点明;那么第三联的“乡泪客中尽”,不仅点明了乡思,而且把这种感情一泄无余了。不仅自己思乡,而且家人也在盼望着自己归去,遥望着天际的归帆。家人的想望,自然是假托之词,然而思乡的感情,抒发得更为强烈了。

  “迷津欲有问,平海夕漫漫。”津:渡口。平海:至水面平阔,古时也称江为海。最后两句是说,风烟迷失了去渡口的道路,茫茫的江水在夕阳下荡漾。

  “迷津欲有问”,是用《论语·微子》孔子使子路问津的典故。长沮、桀溺是隐者,而孔子则是积极想从政的人。长沮、桀溺不说渡口的所在,反而嘲讽孔子栖栖遑遑,奔走四方,以求见用,引出了孔子的一番慨叹。双方是隐居和从政的冲突。如今孟浩然奔走于东南各地,(最后还到长安应进士举),境况颇与孔子相似,瞻念前途渺茫,故以“平海夕漫漫”作结。滔滔江水,与海相平,漫漫无边,加以天色阴暗,已至黄昏。这种景色,完全烘托出作者迷茫的心情。

  这首诗二、三两联都是自然成对,毫无斧凿痕迹。第二联两句都是指襄阳的地位,信手拈来,就地成对,极为自然。第三联“乡泪”是情,“归帆”是景,以情对景,扣合自然,充分表达了作者的感情。最后又以景作结,把思归的哀情和前路茫茫的愁绪都寄寓在这迷茫的黄昏江景中了。▲

appreciate

This is a lyric poem. According to the content of the poem, it is probably the work of the author when he roamed the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It was autumn, but it was rather cold. Seeing things hurt, I couldn’t help thinking of my hometown, which caused tears of homesickness. At that time, the author ran around the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, both as a hermit and seeking official positions; He envies pastoral life and wants to make a difference in politics. Therefore, the feelings revealed in this poem are quite complex.
“The wild geese are crossing south, and the north wind river is cold.” The first couplet says that the leaves fall, the geese fly to the south, and the north wind is bleak, so the river is extremely cold. The first copy is a picture. The author captures the typical things at that time, the naming season. The most typical autumn scene is that the leaves of trees are gradually falling off and wild geese fly from the north to the south. But autumn alone can not show “cold”. The author also uses “north wind” to make people feel cold, which points out the “early cold” in the title.
The fallen trees are rustling, the wild geese are flying south, the north wind is howling, and the cold weather is a vivid picture of late autumn. Being in such an environment is easy to cause sadness, which is a kind of “rejuvenation” technique. In the face of the scene in front of the author, homesickness inevitably arises.
This is a technique of “arising”, and the poem naturally enters the second couplet. The author feels homesick when facing the scene in front of him. Xiangshui is also called Xianghe River. The Han River flows meandering in Xiangyang, so the author sums it up with “Qu”. The word “remote separation” not only indicates the distance, but also indicates that the two places are isolated and cannot return. This word “separation” has revealed the feeling of homesickness. The author lives in Xiangyang and belongs to the State of Chu in ancient times, so he is called “Chu Yunduan” in his poem, which can not only show the height of the terrain (compared with the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), but also show the feeling of looking up, which can be expected but not accessible, and also reveal the feeling of homesickness. “My home is Xiangshui Qu, which is far away from the clouds of Chu”. It seems that the sentence is plain, but if you chew it carefully, you can appreciate the beauty of the author’s sentence and the pain of its creation.
If we say that the second couplet only reveals some homesickness information, with implicit meaning, but it is not pointed out; Then the third couplet, “All the guests in the countryside are in tears”, not only points out their homesickness, but also gives vent to such feelings. Not only do I miss my hometown, but also my family is looking forward to my return, looking forward to the return sail in the sky. The expectations of family members are naturally words of pretence, but homesickness is expressed more strongly.
“If you want to ask questions, the evening of the sea is long.” Tianjin: Ferry. Pinghai: When the water surface is flat and broad, it was also called the river sea in ancient times. The last two sentences are that Fengyan lost the way to the ferry, and the vast river water rippled in the setting sun.
“Confused people want to ask questions” is the allusion of Confucius in The Analects of Confucius. Chang Ju and Jie drowned were hermits, while Confucius was an active politician. Chang Ju and Jie drowned did not say where the ferry was. Instead, they mocked Confucius for staying, not letting it go. They ran around to ask for advice, which led to Confucius’s lamentation. The two sides are in a conflict between seclusion and politics. Now Meng Haoran runs around the southeast (finally, he went to Chang’an to be selected as a scholar). His situation is quite similar to that of Confucius, and he thinks that the future is uncertain, so he ends up with “a long and peaceful sea”. The surging river is level with the sea and boundless. The sky is dark and it is dusk. This kind of scenery completely reflects the author’s confused mood.
The second and third couplets of this poem are naturally paired, without any trace of chiseling. The second couplet and two sentences both refer to the status of Xiangyang. It’s very natural to pair up on the spot. The third couplet, “Hometown Tears” is the feeling, and “Guifan” is the view. The feeling is based on the view, connecting with nature, and fully expresses the author’s feelings. Finally, the scene is used as a conclusion, and the sadness of the return and the boundless sadness of the way ahead are reposed in the confused sunset river scene. ▲

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