Listen to this article陈希祖 行书：王维《春日与裴迪过新昌里访吕逸人不遇》
【释文】桃源一向绝风尘，柳市南头访隐沦。到门不敢题凡鸟，看竹何须问主人。城上青山如屋里，东家流水入西邻。闭户着书多岁月，种松皆老作龙鳞。
【款识】王右丞诗可入画，青山流水一联正恐丹青难写耳。叔卿大兄正之。玉方陈希祖。
【简析】
表达了荡舟垂纶的闲情逸致。
王维和裴迪是知交，早年一同住在终南山，常相唱和，以后，两人又在辋川山庄“浮舟往来，弹琴赋诗，啸咏终日”（《旧唐书·王维传》）。新昌里在长安城内。吕逸人即吕姓隐士，事迹未详。这首诗极赞吕逸人闭户着书的隐居生活，显示了作者艳羡“绝风尘”的情怀。
“桃源一向绝风尘，柳市南头访隐沦。”借陶渊明《桃花源记》中的桃花源，比况吕逸人的住处，着一虚笔。于长安柳市之南寻访吕逸人，跟一实笔。一虚一实，既写出吕逸人长期“绝风尘”的超俗气节，又显示了作者倾慕向往的隐逸之思。
“到门不敢题鸟，看竹何须问主人。”访人不遇，本有无限懊恼，然而诗人却不说，反而拉出历史故事来继续说明对吕逸人的仰慕之情，可见其寻逸之心的诚笃真挚。“凡鸟”是“凤”字的分写。据《世说新语·简傲》记载，三国魏时的嵇康和吕安是莫逆之交，一次，吕安访嵇康未遇，康兄嵇喜出迎，吕安于门上题“凤”字而去，这是嘲讽嵇喜是“凡鸟”。王维“到门不敢题凡鸟”，则是表示对吕逸人的尊敬。“看竹”事见《晋书·王羲之传》。王羲之之子王徽之闻吴中某家有好竹，坐车直造其门观竹，“讽啸良久”。而此诗“何须问主人”是活用典故，表示即使没有遇见主人，看看他的幽雅居处，也会使人产生高山仰止之情。
上一联借用典故，来表示对吕逸人的敬仰，是虚写。“城上青山如屋里，东家流水入西邻”，写吕逸人居所的环境，是实写。“城上”，一作“城外”。“青山如屋里”，生动地点明吕逸人居所出门即见山，暗示与尘市远离；流水经过东家流入西邻，可以想见吕逸人居所附近流水淙淙，环境清幽，真是一个依山傍水的绝妙境地。青山妩媚，流水多情。两句环境描写，一则照应开篇的绝风尘，二则抒写了隐逸生活的情趣。
“闭户着书多岁月，种松皆作老龙鳞。”最后从正面写隐逸。吕逸人无求于功名，不碌碌于尘世，长时间闭户着书，是真隐士而不是走“终南捷径”的假隐士，这就更为诗人所崇尚。松皮作龙鳞，标志手种松树已老，说明时间之长，显示吕逸人隐居之志的坚贞和持久，“老龙鳞”给“多岁月”作补充，并照应开头的“一向绝风尘”，全诗结构严谨完整。
这首诗，句句流露出对吕逸人的钦羡之情，以至青山、流水、松树，都为诗人所爱慕，充分表现了诗人归隐皈依的情思。描写中虚实结合，有上下句虚实相间的，也有上下联虚实相对的，笔姿灵活，变化多端，既不空泛，又不呆滞，颇有情味。
【Simple Translation】
The poem expresses the leisurely mood of swinging a boat and hanging spinning.
Wang Wei and Pei Di were close friends, and they lived together in the terminal mountain in the early years, often singing and harmonizing with each other, and later, they “floated boats to and fro in the Rim River Villa, playing the qin and giving poems, chanting all day long” (Old Book of Tang – Wang Wei Zhuan). Xinchangli is in Chang’an City. Lv Yiren is a hermit of the surname of Lv, whose deeds are not yet known. This poem praises Lv Yiren’s secluded life of living in a closed house with a book, showing the author’s envious sentiment of being “free from the wind and dust”.
”The source of peach blossoms has always been free from the wind and dust, and I visited the hermit at the south end of Willow City.” The author borrows from Tao Yuanming’s “The Peach Blossom Source” to compare the residence of Lv Yiren, a false stroke. The real stroke is to visit Lü Yiren at the south of Willow City in Chang’an. The real and the imaginary, not only show Lv Yiren’s long-standing “no wind and dust” spirit, but also show the author’s admiration and desire for seclusion.
”I did not dare to inscribe a bird at the door, and I did not need to ask the master about the bamboo.” The poet does not tell the story, but instead pulls out the historical story to continue to explain his admiration for Lv Yiren, which shows the sincerity of his heart in search of escape. The word “van bird” is a subscript of the word “phoenix”. According to “The New Story of the World – Jane Ao”, JI Kang and Lv An were close friends during the Three Kingdoms Wei period. Once, Lv An visited JI Kang but did not meet him, and JI Xi, the brother of Kang, came out to welcome him, Lv An inscribed the word “phoenix” on the door and left, which was a mockery of JI Xi as a “mortal bird”. Wang Wei’s “I don’t dare to inscribe a mortal bird at the door” is an expression of respect for Lv Yiren. The story of “looking at the bamboo” can be found in “The Book of Jin – Biography of Wang Xizhi”. Wang Xizhi, the son of Wang Xizhi, heard that there was a good bamboo in a house in Wu, so he sat in his car and watched the bamboo at his door, and “sang and whistled for a long time”. In this poem, “Why ask the master” is an allusion to the fact that even if one does not meet the master, one can still admire his elegant place.
The previous line borrows an allusion to express admiration for Lv Yiren, which is a false writing. The first line, “The green hills above the city are like houses, and the water flowing from the east into the west”, is about the environment of Lv Yiren’s residence, which is a real writing. “The first one is “outside the city”. The vivid description of “the green hills are like a house” shows that Lv Yiren’s residence is located in the mountains, implying that it is far away from the dusty city; the flowing water flows into the west neighborhood through the east house, so you can imagine that the water near Lv Yiren’s residence is murmuring and the environment is quiet, which is really a wonderful place by the mountains and the water. The mountains are charming and the flowing water is amorous. The two sentences describe the environment, one of which corresponds to the opening of the chapter, and the other expresses the interest of the secluded life.
”I have spent many years with my book behind closed doors, and I have planted pines for old dragon scales.” Finally, we write about seclusion from the front. Lv Yiren did not seek for fame and fortune, and did not spend a lot of time in the world. He spent a long time in the book, and was a real hermit, not a fake hermit who took the “shortcut to the South of the Sea”, which is more admired by the poet. The pine bark is made into dragon scales, signifying that the pine tree planted by hand is old, indicating the length of time and showing the persistence and endurance of Lv Yiren’s hermit’s will. “The whole poem is structured and complete.
The poem reveals the admiration for Lv Yiren in every line, and even the green hills, flowing water and pine trees are all adored by the poet, fully expressing the poet’s sentiment of returning to seclusion and conversion. The combination of reality and imagination in the descriptions, with the upper and lower stanzas and the upper and lower couplets, is flexible and varied, neither vague nor stagnant, and is quite emotional.
