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《塞下曲》为汉乐府旧题，属《横吹曲辞》，内容多写边塞征战。原共六首，蘅塘退士选其四首。这是卢纶组诗《塞下曲》中的第三首。卢纶曾任幕府中的元帅判官，对行伍生活有体验，描写此类生活的诗比较充实，风格雄劲。这首诗写将军雪夜准备率兵追敌的壮举，气概豪迈。
诗由写景开始，“月黑雁飞高”并非眼中之景，而是意中之景。雪夜月黑，本不是雁飞的正常时刻；而宿雁惊飞，透露出敌人正在行动。寥寥五字，既交代了时间为冬季，又烘托出了战前的紧张气氛。
“单于夜遁逃”，敌人夜间行动，并非率兵来袭，而是借月色的掩护仓皇逃遁。诗句语气肯定，判断明确，充满了对敌人的蔑视和我军的必胜信念，令读者为之振奋。
后两句写将军准备追敌的场面，气势不凡。“欲将轻骑逐”，将军发现敌军潜逃，要率领轻装骑兵去追击；不仅仅因为轻骑快捷，同时也显示出了一种高度的自信。当勇士们列队准备出发时，一场纷纷扬扬的大雪下了起来，虽然站立不过片刻，刹那间弓刀上却落满了雪花。遮掩了他们武器的寒光。他们就像一支支即将离弦的箭，虽然尚未出发，却满怀着必胜的信心。
最后一句“大雪满弓刀”是严寒景象的描写，突出表达了战斗的艰苦性和将士们奋勇的精神。
本诗虽区区二十个字，却写出了当时的实情：单于在“月黑雁飞高”的情景下率军溃逃，将军在“大雪满弓刀”的奇寒天气情况下准备率军出击。一逃一追把紧张的气氛全部渲染了出来。诗句虽然没有直接写激烈的战斗场面，但留给了读者广阔的想象空间，营造了诗歌意蕴悠长的氛围。
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The Song of the Frontier Fortress is an old title of the Han Music Mansion, which belongs to the Horizontal Blowing Songs. It mainly describes frontier battles. There were six of them, and Heng Tang retired and chose four of them. This is the third poem in Lulun’s group poem “The Song of the Frontier”. Lu Lun was once a marshal and judge in the shogunate. He has experienced the life in the army. His poems describing this kind of life are rich and powerful. This poem describes the general’s heroic act of preparing to lead his troops to pursue the enemy on a snowy night.
The poem begins with scenery. “The moon flies high” is not the scene in the eyes, but the scene in the mind. Snow night and dark moon are not the normal time for wild geese to fly; The night geese started flying, revealing that the enemy was in action. A few words not only explained that the time was winter, but also highlighted the tension before the war.
“Escape at night only”. The enemy’s night action is not to lead troops to attack, but to escape in a hurry under the cover of the moonlight. The tone of the poem is affirmative, the judgment is clear, and it is full of contempt for the enemy and our army’s belief in victory, which inspires the readers.
The last two sentences describe the scene of the general preparing to chase the enemy. “To chase the light cavalry”, the general found that the enemy had absconded, and led the light cavalry to pursue; Not only is Qingqi fast, but it also shows a high degree of confidence. When the warriors lined up to start, a heavy snow fell. Although they stood for only a moment, the bow and sabre were covered with snow. They covered the cold light of their weapons. They are like arrows that are about to leave. Although they have not set out yet, they are full of confidence in victory.
The last sentence, “The snow is full of bows and swords”, is a description of the cold scene, which highlights the hardships of the battle and the brave spirit of the soldiers.
Although this poem is only 20 words long, it tells the truth at that time: Shan Yu led the army to flee in flight under the situation of “the moon is flying high”, and the general was prepared to lead the army to attack in the cold weather of “snow is full of bows and swords”. One escape and one chase all played up the tense atmosphere. Although the poem does not directly describe the fierce battle scenes, it leaves readers broad imagination space and creates an atmosphere of long poetic meaning.
