Listen to this article【简析】：
这首诗将山中的黄昏描绘得令人迷恋。王孙指诗人自己，是反用了《楚辞·招隐士》“王孙兮归来，山中兮不可久留”的诗意，说山居的景色特别留人。
这首山水名篇，于诗情画意之中寄托着诗人高洁的情怀和对理想境界的追求。
“空山新雨后，天气晚来秋。”诗中明明写有浣女渔舟，诗人怎下笔说是“空山”呢？原来山中树木繁茂，掩盖了人们活动的痕迹，正所谓“空山不见人，但闻人语响”（《鹿柴》）啊！又由于这里人迹罕到，“峡里谁知有人事，世中遥望空云山”（《桃源行》），一般人自然不知山中有人了。“空山”二字点出此处有如世外桃源。山雨初霁，万物为之一新，又是初秋的傍晚，空气之清新，景色之美妙，可以想见。
“明月松间照，清泉石上流。”天色已暝，却有皓月当空；群芳已谢，却有青松如盖。山泉清洌，淙淙流泻于山石之上，有如一条洁白无瑕的素练，在月光下闪闪发光，多么幽清明净的自然美啊！的《济上四贤咏》曾经称赞两位贤隐士的高尚情操，谓其“息阴无恶木，饮水必清源”。诗人自己也是这种心志高洁的人，他曾说：“宁栖野树林，宁饮涧水流，不用坐梁肉，崎岖见王侯。”（《献始兴公》）这月下青松和石上清泉，不正是他所追求的理想境界吗？这两句写景如画，随意挥洒，毫不着力。象这样又动人又自然的写景，达到了艺术上炉火纯青的地步，非一般人所能学到。
“竹喧归浣女，莲动下渔舟。”竹林里传来了一阵阵的歌声笑语，那是一些天真无邪的姑娘们洗罢衣服笑逐着归来了；亭亭玉立的荷叶纷纷向两旁披分，掀翻了无数珍珠般晶莹的水珠，那是顺流而下的渔舟划破了荷塘月色的宁静。在这青松明月之下，在这翠竹青莲之中，生活着这样一群无忧无虑、勤劳善良的人们。这纯洁美好的生活图景，反映了诗人过安静纯朴生活的理想，同时也从反面衬托出他对污浊官场的厌恶。这两句写得很有技巧，而用笔不露痕迹，使人不觉其巧。诗人先写“竹喧”、“莲动”，因为浣女隐在竹林之中，渔舟被莲叶遮蔽，起初未见，等到听到竹林喧声，看到莲叶纷披，才发现浣女、莲舟。这样写更富有真情实感，更富有诗意。
诗的中间两联同是写景，而各有侧重。颔联侧重写物，以物芳而明志洁；颈联侧重写人，以人和而望政通。同时，二者又互为补充，泉水、青松、翠竹、青莲，可以说都是诗人高尚情操的写照，都是诗人理想境界的环境烘托。
既然诗人是那样地高洁，而他在那貌似“空山”之中又找到了一个称心的世外桃源，所以就情不自禁地说：“随意春芳歇，王孙自可留！”本来，《楚辞·招隐士》说：“王孙兮归来，山中兮不可久留！”诗人的体会恰好相反，他觉得“山中”比“朝中”好，洁净纯朴，可以远离官场而洁身自好，所以就决然归隐了。
这首诗一个重要的艺术手法，是以自然美来表现诗人的人格美和一种理想中的社会之美。表面看来，这首诗只是用“赋”的方法模山范水，对景物作细致感人的刻画，实际上通篇都是比兴。诗人通过对山水的描绘寄慨言志，含蕴丰富，耐人寻味。
（傅如一）
[Brief Analysis]:
This poem depicts the dusk in the mountains in a fascinating way. Wang Sun refers to the poet himself. He uses the poetic meaning of “When Wang Sunxi comes back, he can’t stay in the mountains for long” in the Songs of Chu – Recruiting Hermits.
This famous landscape poem expresses the poet’s lofty feelings and pursuit of ideal realm in poetic and pictorial style.
“After the new rain in the empty mountain, the weather comes late in autumn.” It is clear that there is a Huannv fishing boat in the poem. How can the poet say it is “empty mountain”? It turns out that there are luxuriant trees in the mountain, which cover up the traces of people’s activities. It is the so-called “no one can be seen in the empty mountain, but people talk loudly” (Deer firewood)! And because there are few people here, “Who knows there is a person in the gorge? Look at the sky cloud mountain in the world” (“A trip to the Taoyuan”), ordinary people naturally do not know there is a person in the mountain. The word “empty mountain” appears here as a paradise. At the beginning of the mountain rain, everything is new. It is also the early autumn evening. You can imagine the fresh air and beautiful scenery.
“The moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring stone flows upward.” The sky is already dark, but there is a bright moon in the sky; The fragrance has declined, but there are green pines like a cover. The clear mountain spring flows on the rocks like a pure white exercise, shining in the moonlight. What a quiet, clear and pure natural beauty! In “Chant to Four Sages of Ji Shang”, he once praised the noble sentiments of the two sages and hermits, saying that “there is no evil wood in Yin, and drinking water will be clean”. The poet himself is also a man of noble mind. He once said, “It is better to live in the wild woods, drink in the streams, and not sit on a beam of flesh. You can see the princes in rugged places.”? These two sentences are picturesque, free and effortless. Such a touching and natural painting has reached the level of perfection in art, which is beyond ordinary people to learn.
“The bamboo roars back to Huan girls, and the lotus moves off the fishing boat.” From the bamboo forest came bursts of singing and laughing. It was some innocent girls who came back laughing after washing their clothes; The graceful lotus leaves spread out one after another on both sides, overturning countless pearl like drops of water. It was the fishing boat down the river that broke the peace of the lotus pond. Under the green pines and bright moon, among the green bamboos and green lotus, there are a group of carefree, hardworking and kind people. This pure and beautiful picture of life reflects the poet’s ideal of living a quiet and simple life, and at the same time, it sets off his aversion to the dirty officialdom from the opposite side. These two sentences are written with great skill, but the pen does not show any trace, which makes people feel that they are skillful. The poet first wrote about “bamboo noise” and “lotus movement”, because Huan Nu was hidden in the bamboo forest, and the fishing boat was covered by lotus leaves. At first, he did not see them. When he heard the noise of the bamboo forest and saw lotus leaves, he found Huan Nu and lotus boat. Such writing is more authentic and poetic.
The middle two couplets of the poem are the same as the scenery, but each has its own emphasis. The support couplet focuses on writing things, which is fragrant and clear; The neck couplet focuses on writing about people, and looks for political connections based on people’s harmony. At the same time, they complement each other. Springs, green pines, green bamboos and green lotus can be said to be the portraits of the poet’s noble sentiments and the setting off of the poet’s ideal environment.
Since the poet is so noble and pure, and he has found a satisfactory paradise in the seemingly “empty mountain”, he can’t help saying: “If you want to rest in spring, you can stay with your grandson!” Originally, “Songs of Chu · Recruiting Hermits” said: “Wang Sunxi returns, you can’t stay in the mountain for long!” The poet’s experience is just the opposite. He thinks that “in the mountain” is better than “in the court”, which is clean and simple, and can stay away from official circles and keep clean, So he decided to retire.
An important artistic technique of this poem is to express the poet’s beauty of personality and an ideal beauty of society with natural beauty. On the surface, this poem only uses the method of “Fu” to imitate mountains and rivers, and portrays the scenery in a detailed and moving way. The poet expresses his aspiration through the description of mountains and waters, which is rich and thought-provoking.
(Fu Ruyi)
