Listen to this article赏析二
这首诗是七言绝句。此诗中的香炉，即第一首诗开头提到的香炉峰，“在庐山西北，其峰尖圆，烟云聚散，如博山香炉之状”（乐史《太平寰宇记》）。可是，到了诗人李白的笔下，便成了另一番景象：一座顶天立地的香炉，冉冉地升起了团团白烟，缥缈于青山蓝天之间，在红日的照射下化成一片紫色的云霞。这不仅把香炉峰渲染得更美，而且富有浪漫主义色彩，为不寻常的瀑布创造了不寻常的背景。接着诗人才把视线移向山壁上的瀑布。
“遥看瀑布挂前川”，前四字是点题。“挂前川”，这是“望”的第一眼形象，瀑布像是一条巨大的白练高挂于山川之间。“挂”字很妙，它化动为静，惟妙惟肖地表现出倾泻的瀑布在“遥看”中的形象。第一首诗说，“壮哉造化功！”正是这“造化”才能将这巨物“挂”起来，所以这“挂”字也包含着诗人对大自然的神奇伟力的赞颂。
第三句又极写瀑布的动态。“飞流直下三千尺”，一笔挥洒，字字铿锵有力。“飞”字，把瀑布喷涌而出的景象描绘得极为生动；“直下”，既写出山之高峻陡峭，又可以见出水流之急，那高空直落，势不可挡之状如在眼前。
最后一句“疑是银河落九天”，真是想落天外，惊人魂魄。“疑是”值得细味，诗人明明说得恍恍惚惚，而读者也明知不是，但是又都觉得只有这样写，才更为生动、逼真，其奥妙就在于诗人前面的描写中已经孕育了这一形象。巍巍香炉峰藏在云烟雾霭之中，遥望瀑布就如从云端飞流直下，临空而落，这就自然地联想到像是一条银河从天而降。可见，“疑是银河落九天”这一比喻，虽是奇特，但在诗中并不是凭空而来，而是在形象的刻画中自然地生发出来的。它夸张而又自然，新奇而又真切，从而振起全篇，使得整个形象变得更为丰富多彩，雄奇瑰丽，既给人留下了深刻的印象，又给人以想象的余地，显示出李白那种“万里一泻，末势犹壮”的艺术风格。
宋人魏庆之说：“七言诗第五字要响。……所谓响者，致力处也。”（《诗人玉屑》）这个看法在这首诗里似乎特别有说服力。比如一个“生”字，不仅把香炉峰写“活”了，也隐隐地把山间的烟云冉冉上升、袅袅浮游的景象表现出来了。“挂”字前面已经提到了，那个“落”字也很精彩，它活画出高空突兀、巨流倾泻的磅礴气势。很难设想换掉这三个字，这首诗将会变成什么样子。
中唐诗人徐凝也写了一首《庐山瀑布》。诗云：“虚空落泉千仞直，雷奔入江不暂息。千古长如白练飞，一条界破青山色。”场景虽也不小，但还是给人局促之感，原因大概是它转来转去都是瀑布，瀑布，显得很实，很板，虽是小诗，却颇有点大赋的气味。比起李白那种入乎其内，出乎其外，有形有神，奔放空灵，相去实在甚远。苏轼说：“帝遣银河一派垂，古来唯有谪仙词。飞流溅沫知多少，不与徐凝洗恶诗。”（《戏徐凝瀑布诗》）话虽不无过激之处，然其基本倾向还是正确的，表现了苏轼不仅是一位著名的诗人，也是一位颇有见地的鉴赏家。
这首七绝因篇幅较小，诗人用夸张的比喻把景物升腾到更高的境界，达到写瀑布的极致，极为夸张，但又清新自然，浅显生动，同时具有动荡开阔的气势，飞动流走的章法，跳跃腾挪，亦有歌行的气势和特点。
Appreciation II
This poem is a seven character quatrain. The censer in this poem is the censer peak mentioned at the beginning of the first poem. “In the northwest of Lushan Mountain, the peak is round, and the clouds gather and disperse, like a censer in Boshan Mountain” (Music History “A World of Peace”). However, under the poet Li Bai’s pen, it became another scene: a towering censer, slowly rising clouds of white smoke, misty between the green mountains and blue sky, turned into a purple cloud under the red sun. This not only makes Xianglu Peak more beautiful, but also has a romantic color, creating an unusual background for the unusual waterfall. Then the poet turned his eyes to the waterfall on the mountain wall.
The first four words of “watching the waterfall from afar and hanging in front of the river” are the key words. “Hanging on Qianchuan” is the first image of “Wang”. The waterfall looks like a huge white train hanging high between mountains and rivers. The word “hang” is wonderful. It turns movement into stillness, vividly showing the image of the pouring waterfall in the “remote view”. The first poem said, “Great fortune!” It is this “nature” that can “hang” this huge thing, so the word “hang” also contains the poet’s praise of the magical power of nature.
The third sentence also describes the dynamics of the waterfall. “Flying down three thousand feet”, with one stroke, the words are sonorous and powerful. The word “fly” vividly depicts the scene of the waterfall gushing out; “Straight down” not only describes the high and steep mountains, but also shows the rapidity of the water flow. The high altitude falls like an unstoppable shape in front of us.
The last sentence, “It is doubted that the Milky Way falls into the sky nine times”, really wants to fall out of the sky, amazing soul. “Doubt is” is worth pondering. The poet clearly said that he was in a trance, and the readers knew that he was not, but they all felt that only by writing it in this way could it be more vivid and lifelike. The mystery is that the poet’s previous description has bred this image. The towering Incense Burner Peak is hidden in the clouds and mist. Looking at the waterfall from afar, it is like flying down from the clouds and falling in the sky, which naturally reminds us that it is like a Milky Way falling from the sky. It can be seen that the metaphor of “the Milky Way is suspected to fall into the sky” is strange, but it does not come out of nowhere in the poem, but comes out naturally in the image portrayal. It is exaggerated and natural, novel and true, which makes the whole article more colorful, magnificent and magnificent. It not only leaves a deep impression on people, but also gives people room for imagination, showing Li Bai’s artistic style of “a torrent of thousands of miles makes the end strong”.
Wei Qingzhi, a native of the Song Dynasty, said, “The fifth word of a seven character poem needs to be heard… The so-called speaker is committed to dealing with it.” (The Poet’s Jade Dust) This view seems particularly persuasive in this poem. For example, the word “living” not only describes the Xianglu Peak as “alive”, but also vaguely shows the rising and floating clouds in the mountains. The word “hang” has been mentioned before, and the word “fall” is also very wonderful. It vividly depicts the majestic momentum of sudden high altitude and torrent pouring. It is hard to imagine what the poem would look like if these three words were replaced.
Xu Ning, a poet of the middle Tang Dynasty, also wrote a poem, Lushan Waterfall. As the poem goes, “The void falls into the spring, and the thunder rushes into the river without stopping. It is as long as white practice flying for thousands of years, and a boundary breaks the green mountain.” Although the scene is not small, it still gives people a sense of cramped. The reason may be that it is surrounded by waterfalls, which are very solid and rigid. Although it is a small poem, it is a bit of a big poem. Compared with Li Bai, it is far away from Li Bai, who is both inside and outside. Su Shi said, “The emperor sent the Milky Way down. In ancient times, there were only words about banishing immortals. How much do you know about flying and splashing foam? Don’t wash evil poems with Xu Ning.” (Drama on Xu Ning’s Waterfall Poems) Although the words are not without extremes, their basic tendency is still correct, which shows that Su Shi is not only a famous poet, but also an insightful connoisseur.
Because of its small length, the poet uses exaggerated metaphor to elevate the scenery to a higher level, reaching the extreme of writing waterfalls. It is extremely exaggerated, but it is fresh and natural, simple and vivid. At the same time, it has the momentum of turbulence and openness, the structure of flying and flowing, jumping and moving, and also the momentum and characteristics of singing.
